Introduction
States faced with behavior by foreign governments that are perceived to be objectionable have a variety of policy responses ranging from doing nothing to declaring war. Among the foreign policy tools available, various types of sanctions have frequently been deployed both by individual states and collectively through international organizations such as the United Nations (UN). Sanctions involve the suspension of normal relations with foreign countries with the aim of forcing the offending government to alter its behavior. They are often seen as more effective than diplomatic responses but less costly than outright war. Economic sanctions, the most common type of sanction, are defined by Hufbauer et al. (2007) as “… the deliberate, government-inspired withdrawal, or threat of withdrawal, of customary trade or financial relations.” Governments may also initiate sanctions that are less directly...
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Peterson, E.W.F., Haugen, K. (2016). Food and Agricultural Trade Sanctions. In: Thompson, P., Kaplan, D. (eds) Encyclopedia of Food and Agricultural Ethics. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6167-4_561-1
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