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Mechanical Properties of Polymer Blends

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Polymer Blends Handbook

Abstract

Mechanical properties of polymer blends, including strength and toughness, are described in terms of morphology, resulting texture, and elementary deformation mechanisms and cavitation. Basic principles of toughening of blends based on glassy, crystalline, and thermoset polymers are described. Toughening strategies involving crazing, cavitation, crystal plasticity, and other micromechanisms involving energy dissipation are presented. Cavitation during deformation arising from mechanical mismatch between differently oriented stacks of lamellae in a semicrystalline polymer, decohesion at interfaces, as well as internal rubber cavitation contribute to the toughness by activation of other mechanisms of plastic deformation of the surrounding matter. Internal cavitation, although augmenting the toughness, greatly reduces the strength of the material. Micromechanisms that are engaged in rubber-toughened blends were characterized with significant attention. Matrix and dispersed-phase properties, as well as interfacial effects, were considered in the interpretation of structure–property relationship for incompatible and partially compatible polymer blends. The dispersion of the second component of the blend and its influence on stress concentrations around inclusions were discussed. The concept of easy deformation paths connected with interparticle distances and shear orientation was considered.

The function of the interfaces, including compatibilizers, in plastic response of polymer blends, is also analyzed.

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Acknowledgments

The project was financed in part from funds of the National Science Centre of Poland on the basis of the decision number 2012/04/A/ST5/00606. Statutory fund of the Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences is also acknowledged.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Polymer Physics, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, Lodz, 90-363, Poland

    Z. Bartczak & A. Galeski

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  1. Z. Bartczak
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Correspondence to Z. Bartczak .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Industrial Materials Institute, National Research Council of Canada, Boucherville, Québec, Canada

    Leszek A. Utracki

  2. Department of Chemistry and Fire Retardant Research Facility, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA

    Charles A. Wilkie

Notations and Abbreviations

C ∞

Chain stiffness parameter

D

Particle diameter

DBD, DDB

Diameter of particle for brittle–ductile and ductile–brittle transition

d e

Entanglement mesh size

DB

Ductile–brittle transition

E, EM

Young’s modulus, modulus of the matrix

ER

Young’s modulus of the rubber particle

f z

Function of the free volume accounting for the effect of the physical aging on crazing stress

f y

Function of the free volume accounting for the effect of the physical aging on yieldstress

G craze

Energy absorbed in formation of unit area of a craze

GIC

Fracture surface energy

GM

Shear modulus of the matrix

GR

Shear modulus of the rubber particle

ID

Interparticle distance (matrix ligament thickness)

IDcrit

Critical interparticle distance

K

Bulk modulus

KI

Stress intensity factor

l 2

Mean-square length of a statistical unit of the chain

Mv

Molecular mass of a statistical skeletal unit

m p

Plastic constraint factor

n v

Number of statistical skeletal units in the chain

P

Pressure

R o 2

Mean-square end-to-end distance of an unperturbed chain

R

Radius of the particle

r p

Radius of the plastic zone

r vd

Radius of the void

TBD

Temperature of brittle–ductile transition

Tg

Temperature of glass transition

U ch

Bond energy of polymer chain

U p

Potential energy of the rubber particle

α

Coefficient of thermal expansion

δ

Cohesive energy density

ε v

Volume strain

ϕ

Volume concentration of the rubber in the blend

Φp

Volume fraction of particles

Φvd

Volume fraction of voids

Ψ

Inclination angle of the dilatation band

Γ

Surface energy of the craze

Γr

Surface energy of rubber particle

γ

Van der Waals surface energy

λ f

Extension ratio of the rubber at fracture

ν e

Entanglement density

ν

Poisson’s ratio

μ

Pressure sensitivity coefficient

ρ a

Density of amorphous polymer

ρ*

Critical concentration of submicron-sized cracks

ξ*

Critical distance between submicron cracks

σ 1

Applied tensile stress

σ 1c

Critical major tensile stress

σ craze

Craze initiation stress

σ 1craze

Critical tensile stress for craze initiation

σ B

Fracture strength

σ e

Effective (deviatoric) yield stress

σ m

Mean stress

σ y

Yield stress

σ y0

Yield stress in pure shear

σ yt

Yield stress in tension

ABS

Acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene copolymer

EPDM

Ethylene–propylene–diene terpolymer

EPR

Ethylene–propylene copolymer

GMA

Glycidyl methacrylate

HDPE

High-density polyethylene

HIPS

High-impact polystyrene

MA

Maleic anhydride

PA

Polyamide

PBA

Poly(butyl acrylate)

PBT

Poly(butylene terephthalate)

PC

Polycarbonate

PE

Polyethylene

PET

Poly(ethylene terephthalate)

PMMA

Poly(methyl methacrylate)

POM

Polyoxymethylene

PP

Polypropylene

PPO

Poly(phenylene oxide)

PS

Polystyrene

PVDF

Polyvinylidene fluoride

PVC

Poly(vinyl chloride)

SAN

Styrene–acrylonitrile copolymer

SBS

Styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer

SEBS

Styrene–ethylene–butene-1–styrene block copolymer

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Bartczak, Z., Galeski, A. (2014). Mechanical Properties of Polymer Blends. In: Utracki, L., Wilkie, C. (eds) Polymer Blends Handbook. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6064-6_13

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