Definition
Research and development (R&D) is a broad category describing the entity of basic research, applied research, and development activities. In general research and development means systematic activities in order to increase knowledge and use of this knowledge when developing new products, processes, or services. Nowadays innovation activities are strongly tight into the concept of research and development. In the broadest meaning, research and development consists of every activity from the basic research to the (successful) marketing of a product or (effective) launching of a new process (R&D&I).
Description
Research and development work is mostly related to business organizations. Development activities are targeted for them to development of new products and their success within the markets. A new product can be seen as the end of the chain of which...
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References
Gibbons, M., Limoges, C., Nowotny, H., Schwartzman, S., Scott, P., & Trow, M. (1994). The new production of knowledge: The dynamics of science and research in contemporary societies. London: Sage.
Gulbrandsen, M. The role of basic research in innovation. Confluence, 55. Retrieved from http://www.cas.uio.no/Publications/Seminar/Confluence_Gulbrandsen.pdf
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Kainulainen, S. (2014). Research and Development (R&D). In: Michalos, A.C. (eds) Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_2482
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_2482
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