Abstract
The Galβ1 → 4GlcNAc structure is commonly found in the outer chain moieties of N- and O-glycans. The terminal galactose itself is involved in galectin-mediated biological events including apoptosis and growth regulation of cells (Perillo et al. 1995; Tadokoro et al. 2009), and many biologically active carbohydrate determinants involved in cell adhesion processes such as polysialic acid, HNK-1 carbohydrate, poly-N-acetyllactosamine, Lewis X, and sialyl Lewis X are expressed on the Galβ1 → 4GlcNAc group. In glycolipids, diverse structures classified into lacto-, neolacto-, ganglio-, and globo-series are all constructed on the Galβ1 → 4Glc group of lactosylceramide. Similarly, a variety of glycosaminoglycans including chondroitin sulfate and heparan sulfate chains are attached to core proteins through the Galβ1 → 4Xyl group. Therefore, β4-galactosyltransferases (β4GalTs), which transfer galactose from UDP-Gal to N-acetylglucosamine, glucose, or xylose, are key enzymes in glycobiology. Targeted inactivation of some of the mouse β4GalTs showed that the galactose-containing glycans are important for cell growth and differentiation and higher brain functions (Asano et al. 1997; Kido et al. 1998; Kumagai et al. 2009; Lu et al. 1997; Nishie et al. 2010; Yoshihara et al. 2009). To date, seven mammalian β4GalT genes have been isolated and shown to be in the family (reviewed in Amado et al. 1999; Furukawa and Sato 1999). There are also several genes homologous to those of mammalian β4GalTs in invertebrates such as the nematoda and snail (reviewed in Amado et al. 1999; Lo et al. 1998). This review mainly summarizes the properties of six mammalian β4GalTs although some of their acceptor specificities have not yet been established.
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Furukawa, K., Clausen, H., Sato, T. (2014). UDP-Gal: BetaGlcNAc Beta 1,4-Galactosyltransferase, Polypeptide 2-6; Xylosylprotein Beta 1,4-Galactosyltransferase, Polypeptide 7 (Galactosyltransferase I) (B4GALT2-7). In: Taniguchi, N., Honke, K., Fukuda, M., Narimatsu, H., Yamaguchi, Y., Angata, T. (eds) Handbook of Glycosyltransferases and Related Genes. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54240-7_31
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54240-7_31
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