Abstract
This chapter surveys major comprehensive general dictionaries of Hebrew, both Biblical Hebrew and Modern Hebrew, whether printed or electronic, and whether monolingual or bilingual, and analyzes them with respect to some important aspects of lexicography, including synchronic and diachronic principles, the inclusion of proper names, lemmatization, grammatical information, and definitions. Existing electronic corpora for Hebrew are also surveyed. The chapter concludes with what may and should be done in the future with regard to the (electronic) lexicography of Hebrew, and brief remarks on the Academy of the Hebrew Language in the area of lexis and lexicography.
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Dictionaries
[Accordance] Accordance [BDB, HALOT, and DCH as optional modules] http://www.accordancebible.com/
[CHED] Alcalay, R. (1963). The complete Hebrew-English dictionary. Tel Aviv: Massada.
[DBHE] Alonso Schökel, L. (1994). Diccionario bíblico hebreo-español. Madrid: Trotta.
[Sapir] Avneyon, E. (20022). Milon sapir: milon ivri-ivri entsiklopedi beshitat hahove [The encyclopedic Sapphire Dictionary] 1-3. Tel Aviv: Eitav.
[EDB] Avneyon, E. (20032). Hamilon ha’entsiklopedi shel hamikra [The encyclopedic dictionary of the Bible]. Tel Aviv: Eitav.
[Even-shoshan] Azar, M. (2003). Milon even-shoshan [Even-Shoshan dictionary], 1–6. Tel Aviv: Hamilon hekhadash.
[Babylon] Babylon [Even-shoshan as an optional module] http://www.babylon.com/
[Hove] Bahat, S. & Mishor, M. (1995). Milon hahove [Dictionary of contemporary Hebrew]. Tel Aviv: Eitav.
[BibleWorks] BibleWorks [HALOT as an optional module] http://www.bibleworks.com/
[BDB] Brown, F., Driver, S. R. & Briggs, C. A. (1907). A Hebrew and Aramaic lexicon of the Old Testament. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[Rav-milim] Choueka, Y. (1996). Rav-milim: hamilon hashalem la’ivrit hakhadasha [Rav-milim: a comprehensive dictionary of Modern Hebrew] 1-6. Tel Aviv: Center for Educational Technology.
[DCH] Clines, D. A. J. (1993–2011). The dictionary of classical Hebrew. , 1–8. Sheffield: Sheffield Phoenix Press.
[CHALOT] Cohen, C. et al. (forthcoming). Companion to the Hebrew and Aramaic lexicon of the Old Testament. Leiden: Brill.
[HEDD] Dagut, M. B. (1986). Hebrew-English dictionary. Jerusalem: Kiryat Sefer.
[KAHAL] Dietrich, W. & Arnet, S. (2013). Konzise und aktualisierte Ausgabe des Hebräischen und Aramäischen Lexikons zum Alten Testament. Leiden: Brill.
[Khadash] Even-Shoshan, A. (1966–1970). Hamilon hekhadash [The new dictionary]. Jerusalem: Kiryat Sefer.
[Ari’el] Fruchtman, M. & Sivan, D. (2007). Milon ari’el hamakif [The extended dictionary Ariel]. Kiryat Gat: Korim.
[HDHSAT] Gesenius, W. (1810–1812). Hebräisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch über die Schriften des Alten Testaments. , 1-2. Leipzig: Vogel.
[HEDI] Inbal, S. (1988). Hebrew-English dictionary. Jerusalem: Zack.
[DBH] Kaddari, M.-Z. (2006). Milon ha’ivrit hamikra’it [A dictionary of Biblical Hebrew]. Ramat Gan: Bar-Ilan University Press.
[KAHAL Online] KAHAL Online [online version of KAHAL] http://dictionaries.brillonline.com/kahal
[LVTL] Koehler, L. & Baumgartner, W. (1953). Lexicon in Veteris Testamenti libros. Leiden: Brill.
[SLVTL] Koehler, L. & Baumgartner, W. (1958). Supplementum ad lexicon in Veteris Testamenti libros. Leiden: Brill.
[HALAT] Koehler, L. & Baumgartner, W. (1967–19963). Hebräisches und aramäisches Lexikon zum Alten Testament, 1-6. Leiden: Brill.
[HALOT] Koehler, L. & Baumgartner, W. (1994–20003). The Hebrew and Aramaic lexicon of the Old Testament, 1-5. Leiden: Brill.
[WGHAHAT] Meyer, R. & Donner, H. (1987–201218). Wilhelm Gesenius’ Hebräisches und aramäisches Handwörterbuch über das Alte Testament 1–7. Berlin: Springer.
[Sapir Online] Milon sapir [online version of Sapir] http://www.milononline.net/
[Morfix] Morfix. http://www.morfix.co.il/
[NBD] Raday, Z. & Rabin, C. (1989). Hamilon hekhadash latanakh [The new Bible dictionary], 1-3. Jerusalem: Keter.
[Rav-milim Online] Rav-milim [online version of Rav-milim] http://www.ravmilim.co.il/
[SDBH] Semantic dictionary of Biblical Hebrew. http://www.sdbh.org/
[MMDHE] Sivan, R. & Levenston, E. A. (1965). The Megiddo modern dictionary Hebrew-English. Tel Aviv: Megiddo.
[VM] Vikimilon [Hebrew Wiktionary] http://he.wiktionary.org/
[Rav-milon] Weinbach, L. & Lauden, E. (1993). Rav-milon: mikon didakti du-leshoni ivri-ivri-angli angli-ivri [Multi dictionary: bilingual learners dictionary Hebrew-Hebrew-English English-Hebrew]. Tel Aviv: Ad.
Corpora
Software
Accordance [untagged corpus of the Hebrew Bible as part of the bundle; tagged corpus of the Hebrew Bible as an optional module] http://www.accordancebible.com/
BibleWorks [tagged corpus of the Hebrew Bible as part of the bundle] http://www.bibleworks.com/
Online Corpora
Corpus of Spoken Israeli Hebrew. http://humanities.tau.ac.il/~cosih/
Hebrew Corpora. http://mila.cs.technion.ac.il/resources_corpora.html
Hebrew Treebank. http://mila.cs.technion.ac.il/resources_treebank.html
hebrewCorpus. http://hebrewcorpus.nmelrc.org/
heTenTen corpus. https://www.sketchengine.co.uk/hetenten-corpus/
Ma’agarim. http://maagarim.hebrew-academy.org.il/
Mikra’ot Gedolot Haketer Project. http://www.mgketer.org/
Modern Hebrew Dependency Treebank. http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/~yoavg/data/hebdeptb/
Responsa Project. http://www.responsa.co.il/
Acknowledgments
I would like to express my gratitude to the following linguists and lexicographers for sharing with me their knowledge about their respective areas of expertise in the lexicography of Hebrew: Eitan Avneyon (Eitav Publishing), Prof. Wout van Bekkum (University of Groningen), Prof. Chaim Cohen (Ben-Gurion University of the Negev), Prof. Maya Fruchtman (Bar-Ilan University), Avital Katz (The Academy of the Hebrew Language), Dr. Adina Moshavi (Bar-Ilan University), Dr. Tania Notarius (The Hebrew University of Jerusalem), Doron Rubinstein (The Academy of the Hebrew Language), Dr. Rivka Shemesh-Raiskin (Bar-Ilan University), and Prof. Michael Sokoloff (Bar-Ilan University). Of course, I alone am responsible for any errors or inexactitudes that might remain.
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Sadan, T. (2017). The lexicography of Hebrew. In: Hanks, P., de Schryver, GM. (eds) International Handbook of Modern Lexis and Lexicography. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-45369-4_70-1
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