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Fossil Record of Miocene Hominoids

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Handbook of Paleoanthropology

Abstract

Hominoids, or taxa identified as hominoids, are known from much of Africa, Asia, and Europe since the Late Oligocene. The earliest such taxa, from Africa, resemble extant hominoids but share with them mainly primitive characters. Middle and Late Miocene taxa are clearly hominoids, and by the end of the Middle Miocene, most can be attributed to either the pongine (Pongo) or hominine (African ape and human) clade. Interestingly, there is no definitive fossil record of the hylobatid clade (gibbons and siamangs), though there have been some proposed candidates. Miocene hominoids experienced a series of dispersals among Africa, Europe, and Asia that mirror those experienced by many other contemporaneous land mammals. These intercontinental movements were made possible by the appearance of land bridges, changes in regional and global climatic conditions, and evolutionary innovations. Most of the attributes that define the hominids evolved in the expansive subtropical zone that was much of Eurasia. Hominines and pongines diverge from each other in Eurasia, and the final Miocene dispersal brings the hominine clade to Africa and the pongine clade to Southeast Asia. Having moved south with the retreating subtropics, hominines and pongines finally diverge in situ into their individual extant lineages.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Some researchers have suggested that the specimen from Engelsweis, which we all agree is at least 16.5 Ma, if not more than 17 Ma, is more likely to be an Afropithecus or a relative thereof, with no relationship to Griphopithecus (Casanovas-Vilar et al. 2011). These researchers are in agreement with Böhme et al. (2011) that Griphopithecus in Anatolia is later in time (ca. 13.5 Ma). My analysis of the biostratigraphy of the Çandır locality indicates that it is likely to be at least 16 Ma (Begun et al. 2003a). Until more research is concluded, there will remain uncertainty about the ages of the Çandır and Paşalar localities, though at 13.5 Myr this makes them much younger than previously thought. However, even if the Anatolian Griphopithecus sites are 3 Myr younger than Engelsweis, that is no justification for the claim that the latter must have been the result of a separate dispersal event as opposed to the simpler scenario in which hominoids with thickly enameled teeth enter Europe at 17 Ma and evolve in situ. As noted earlier, the tooth from Engelsweis more closely resembles those from Anatolia and Slovakia than it resembles Afropithecus.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, 100 St George Street, Rm 1037, Toronto, ON, Canada

    David R. Begun

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Correspondence to David R. Begun .

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  1. Institut für Anthropologie, Johannes-Gutenberg Universität, Mainz, Germany

    Winfried Henke

  2. Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, USA

    Ian Tattersall

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Begun, D.R. (2015). Fossil Record of Miocene Hominoids. In: Henke, W., Tattersall, I. (eds) Handbook of Paleoanthropology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39979-4_32

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