Abstract
Adrenocortical tumors are rare in children. Imaging plays a crucial role in identifying and differentiating malignant and benign adrenal neoplasms, in addition to non-neoplastic lesions and masses of external origin occurring in the suprarenal region. Knowledge regarding the epidemiology of different suprarenal lesions and their clinical picture, together with their imaging characteristics, can point towards the diagnosis and appropriate treatment.
References
Andersen KF, Altaf R, Krarup-Hansen A, Kromann-Andersen B, Horn T, Christensen NJ, et al. Malignant pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas – the importance of a multidisciplinary approach. Cancer Treat Rev. 2011;37:111–9.
Armstrong R, Sridhar M, Greenhalgh KL, Howell L, Jones C, Landes C, et al. Phaeochromocytoma in children. Arch Dis Child. 2008;93:899–904.
Barwick TD, Malhotra A, Webb JAW, Savage MO, Reznek RH. Embryology of the adrenal glands and its relevance to diagnostic imaging. Clin Radiol. 2005;60:953–9.
Carney JA, Ho J, Kitsuda K, Young WF, Stratakis CA. Massive neonatal adrenal enlargement due to cytomegaly, persistence of the transient cortex, and hyperplasia of the permanent cortex. Am J Surg Pathol. 2012;36:1452–63.
Caty MG, Escobar MA Jr. Adrenal tumors. Pediatric surgery – expert consult. Elsevier; 2012. p. 557–565.
Dokumcu Z, Divarci E, Ertan Y, et al. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy in children: a 25-case series and review of the literature. J Pediatr Surg. 2018;53(9):1800–5.
Fasano T, Pisciotta L, Bocchi L, Guardamagna O, Assandro P, et al. Lysosomal lipase deficiency: molecular characterization of eleven patients with Wolman or cholesteryl ester storage disease. Mol Genet Metab. 2012;105:450–6.
Gupta N, Rivera M, Novotny P, et al. Adrenocortical carcinoma in children: a clinicopathological analysis of 41 patients at the Mayo clinic from 1950 to 2017. Horm Res Paediatr. 2018;90(1):8–18.
Hanafy AK, Mujtaba B, Roman-Colon AM, et al. Imaging features of adrenal gland masses in the pediatric population. Abdom Radiol (NY). 2019; https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-019-02213-x.
Hanna AM, Pham TH, Askegard-Giesmann JR, Grams JM, Iqbal CW, Stavlo P, et al. Outcome of adrenocortical tumors in children. J Pediatr Surg. 2008;43:843–9.
Havekes B, Romijn JA, Eisenhofer G, Adams K, Pacak K. Update on pediatric pheochromocytoma. Pediatr Nephrol. 2009;24:943–50.
Heloury Y, Muthucumaru M, Panabokke G, Cheng W, Kimber C, Leclair MD. Minimally invasive adrenalectomy in children. J Pediatr Surg. 2012;47:415–21.
Iqbal CW, Wahoff DC. Diagnosis and management of pediatric endocrine neoplasms. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2009;21:379–85.
Ishimoto H, Jaffe RB. Development and function of the human fetal adrenal cortex: a key component in the Feto-placental unit. Endocr Rev. 2011;32:317–55.
Jehangir S, Nanjundaiah P, Sigamani E, et al. Pathological prognostication of paediatric adrenocortical tumours: is a gold standard emerging? Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2019;66(4):e27567.
Kempná P, Flück CE. Adrenal gland development and defects. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrin Metab. 2008;22:77–93.
Kim P, Christison-Lagay E. Adrenalectomy. In: Lewis C, Spitz A, editors. Operative pediatric surgery. 7th ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press. 2013. p. 750–60.
King KS, Pacak K. Familial pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2013;
Krone N, Arlt W, et al. Genetics of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;23:181–92.
Lal G, Duh Q. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy – indications and technique. Surg Oncol. 2003;12:105–23.
Magro G, MD GE, MD GC, MD PD, MD RM, MD CG, et al. Pediatric adrenocortical tumors: morphological diagnostic criteria and immunohistochemical expression of matrix metalloproteinase type 2 and human leucocyte-associated antigen (HLA) class II antigens. Hum Pathol. 2012;43:31–9.
Melcescu E, Phillips J, Moll G, Subauste J, Koch C. 11Beta-hydroxylase deficiency and other syndromes of mineralocorticoid excess as a rare cause of endocrine hypertension. Horm Metab Res. 2012;44:867–78.
Michalkiewicz E. Clinical and outcome characteristics of children with adrenocortical tumors: a report from the international pediatric adrenocortical tumor registry. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:838–45.
New MI. Inborn errors of adrenal steroidogenesis. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2003;211:75–84.
Nieman LK. Approach to the patient with an adrenal incidentaloma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95:4106–13.
Pham TH, Moir C, Thompson GB, Zarroug AE, Hamner CE, Farley D, et al. Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma in children: a review of medical and surgical management at a tertiary care center. Pediatrics. 2006;118:1109–17.
Redlich A, Boxberger N, Strugala D, Frühwald M, Leuschner I, Kropf S, et al. Systemic treatment of adrenocortical carcinoma in children: data from the German GPOH-MET 97 trial. Klin Padiatr. 2012;224:366–71.
Rege J, Rainey WE. The steroid metabolome of adrenarche. J Endocrinol. 2012;214:133–43.
Ribeiro RC, Pinto EM, Zambetti GP, Rodriguez-Galindo C. The international pediatric adrenocortical tumor registry initiative: contributions to clinical, biological, and treatment advances in pediatric adrenocortical tumors. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2012;351:37–43.
Rodriguez-Galindo C, Figueiredo BC, Zambetti GP, Ribeiro RC. Biology, clinical characteristics, and management of adrenocortical tumors in children. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2005;45:265–73.
Rosol TJ, Yarrington JT, Latendresse J, Capen CC. Adrenal gland: structure, function, and mechanisms of toxicity. Toxicol Pathol. 2001;29:41–8.
Sandrini R, Ribeiro R. DeLacerda L. Childhood adrenocortical tumors 1. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82(7):2027–31.
Savage M, Chan L, Grossman A. Work-up and management of paediatric Cushing’s syndrome. Current Opinion In 2008a.
Savage MO, Chan LF, Afshar F, Plowman PN, Grossman AB, et al. Advances in the management of paediatric Cushing’s disease. Horm Res. 2008b;69(6):327–33.
Stojadinovic A, Brennan MF, Hoos A, Omeroglu A, Leung DHY, Dudas ME, et al. Adrenocortical adenoma and carcinoma: histopathological and molecular comparative analysis. Mod Pathol. 2003;16:742–51.
Stratakis CA. Cushing syndrome in pediatrics. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am. 2012;41:793–803.
Vaughan E. Surgical options for open adrenalectomy. World J Urol. 1999;17(1):40–7.
Vehaskari MV. Heritable forms of hypertension. Pediatr Nephrol. 2009;24:1929–37.
Wang Z, Liu G, Sun H, et al. Clinical characteristics and prognosis of adrenocortical tumors in children. Pediatr Surg Int. 2019;35(3):365–71.
White P, Bachega T. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21 hydroxylase deficiency: from birth to adulthood. Semin Reprod Med. 2012;30:400–9.
Wieneke J, Thompson L. Adrenal cortical neoplasms in the pediatric population: a clinicopathologic and immunophenotypic analysis of 83 patients. Am JSurg Pathol. 2003;27(7):867–81.
Yen R, Wu V, Liu K, Cheng M, Wu Y, Chueh S, et al. 131I-6 -Iodomethyl-19-Norcholesterol SPECT/CT for primary aldosteronism patients with inconclusive adrenal venous sampling and CT results. J Nucl Med. 2009;50:1631–7.
Young WF Jr. Adrenal medulla and catecholamines. Williams textbook of endocrinology, Philadelphia: Elsevier; n.d.. p. 545–581.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature
About this entry
Cite this entry
Model, L., Caty, M.G., Christison-Lagay, E.R. (2020). Adrenal Tumors. In: Puri, P. (eds) Pediatric Surgery. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38482-0_157-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38482-0_157-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-38482-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-38482-0
eBook Packages: Springer Reference MedicineReference Module Medicine