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Arteriogenesis and Collateral Formation

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PanVascular Medicine

Abstract

Arteriogenesis is a pathophysiological process that results in dramatic remodeling of preexisting collateral blood vessels that link large conductance arterial trees. Collaterals are very attractive targets for therapeutic approaches in cardiovascular diseases because they can quickly redirect blood flow to the neighboring arterial bed around an occlusion. The collateral circulation is unique based on developmental, anatomical, functional, and physiological regulation compared to arterial–venous and lymphatic circulations. This chapter is focused on mechanisms of collateral formation in development and in adulthood. Time-dependent interplays between endothelial, immune, and smooth muscle cells are discussed in arteriogenesis. Dramatic proliferation of endothelial and smooth muscle cells has been documented in the early phases of the collateral formation. Pro-inflammatory subsets of the adaptive (CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes) and innate (monocytes, macrophages, and NK cells) immune cells are beneficial for collateral remodeling, which is opposite to arterial disease (e.g., atherosclerosis). Maturation and “pruning” of the collateral arteries are entirely dependent on smooth muscle cells. Recent mouse studies shed some light on genetic and environmental determinants of the collateral formation. However, the validation of the gene candidates for arteriogenesis and new and better-controlled clinical trials are much needed.

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Abbreviations

Arteriogenesis (collaterogenesis):

A pathophysiological process that results in the formation of collateral blood vessels that link arterial trees.

Cell polarization:

A cell feature that helps to display and maintain specialized cytoplasmic and membrane-associated domains in order to perform specific functions.

Cell sprouting:

A process of cell extension toward the source of the angiogenic stimulus.

Collateral “pruning”:

A pathophysiological process that leads to selective removal of “non-used” collaterals from newly formed network.

Collateral rarefaction:

A process of the reduction of collateral artery density.

Hypertrophic remodeling:

A vascular adaptation process that results in an increase in cross-sectional area of blood vessels.

Maturation of collaterals:

A process that leads to full development of the arteries.

Outward remodeling:

A vascular adaptation process that results in an increase in lumen diameter of blood vessels.

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Further Reading

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Acknowledgments

I would like to thank Dr. Eric Small for critical reading of the manuscript. This study was supported in part by funds from HL105623 (VAK).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medicine and Biomedical Genetics, Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box CVRI, 14642, Rochester, NY, USA

    Vyacheslav “Slava” A. Korshunov

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  1. Vyacheslav “Slava” A. Korshunov
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Correspondence to Vyacheslav “Slava” A. Korshunov .

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  1. Division of Cardiovascular Disease Department of Internal Medicine, Health Care Center Bitterfeld, Bitterfeld-Wolfen, Germany

    Peter Lanzer

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Korshunov, V.“.A. (2015). Arteriogenesis and Collateral Formation. In: Lanzer, P. (eds) PanVascular Medicine. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37078-6_7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37078-6_7

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