Introduction
The poor performance of bridges during the 1971 San Fernando earthquake has urged the engineering community to further investigate methods of analysis and evaluation of seismic loads and their effects on these structures. Later, earthquakes such as Northridge, 1994, and Kobe, 1995, have further increased engineers’ awareness of the effects of earthquakes on bridges. The past two decades have witnessed a great evolution in seismic design codes, advance modeling, and analysis. Moreover, the importance of the interaction between the structure and the surrounding soil on the seismic response of bridge structures during earthquakes has been fully realized.
Past performance of foundations was satisfactory in moderate earthquakes and poor in large earthquakes with magnitudes greater than seven. Examples include the 1964 M9.2 Alaskan Earthquake, the 1991 M7.6 Costa Rica Earthquake, the 1999 M7.8 Izmit-Turkey Earthquake, the 2010 M8.8 Chile Earthquake, the 2011 M9.0 Tohoku-Oki...
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Shama, A.A., El Naggar, H. (2015). Bridge Foundations. In: Beer, M., Kougioumtzoglou, I., Patelli, E., Au, IK. (eds) Encyclopedia of Earthquake Engineering. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36197-5_97-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36197-5_97-1
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