Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

The Prokaryotes pp 619–635Cite as

The Family Rickettsiaceae

  • Reference work entry
  • First Online:

Abstract

The Rickettsiaceae family is composed of two genera, Rickettsia and Orientia, which are obligate intracellular bacteria that belong to the order Rickettsiales. The species of these genera are divided into two groups based on antigenic, molecular, and ecological patterns: (1) the typhus group, composed of the species Rickettsia prowazekii, Rickettsia typhi, and Orientia tsutsugamushi, which are transmitted by lice, fleas, and mites, respectively; and (2) the spotted fever group (SFG), which is composed of more than 23 valid species. The transmission of great majority of species in SFG is associated with ticks, with the exception of Rickettsia felis and Rickettsia akari, which are associated with fleas and mites, respectively. Other Rickettsia species, such as Rickettsia bellii and Rickettsia canadensis, are not included in either of the two groups. In SFG, at least 12 species of Rickettsia cause infections in humans (Rickettsia rickettsii, Rickettsia conorii, Rickettsia africae, Rickettsia parkeri, Rickettsia australis, Rickettsia honei, Rickettsia sibirica, Rickettsia japonica, Rickettsia massiliae, Rickettsia aeschlimannii, R. akari, and R. felis). However, species of nonpathogenic rickettsiae or of unknown pathogenicity might have a key role in the natural history of the pathogenic species; ticks infected by a kind of rickettsia that is nonpathogenic to humans (e.g.: Rickettsia montana, Rickettsia peacockii) may become unable to maintain (via transovarial transmission) infection by other pathogenic species (e.g., R. rickettsii). This fact is of great practical importance because there are populations of ticks infected with nonpathogenic rickettsiae for which the infection rate is often higher compared to pathogenic rickettsiae.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   699.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD   849.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Allen AC, Spitz S (1945) A comparative study of the pathology of scrub typhus (tsutsugamushi disease) and other rickettsial diseases. Am J Pathol 21:603–681

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Amano K, Tamura A, Ohashi N (1987) Deficiency of peptiodeoglycan and lipopolissaccharide componentes in Rickettsiia tsutsugamushi. Infect Immun 55:2290

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Amiri H, Alsmark CM, Andersson SG (2002) Proliferation and deterioration of Rickettsia palindromic elements. Mol Biol Evol 19:1234–1243

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ammerman NC, Gillespie JJ, Neuwald AF, Sobral BW, Azad AF (2009) A typhus group-specific protease defies reductive evolution in rickettsiae. J Bacteriol 191:7609–7613

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson BE, Tzianabos T (1989) Comparative sequence analysis of a genus-common rickettsial antigen gene. J Bacteriol 171:5199–5201

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson BE, Regnery RL, Carlone GM, Tzianabos T, McDade JE, Fu ZY, Bellini WJ (1987) Sequence analysis of the 17-kilodalton-antigen gene from Rickettsia rickettsii. J Bacteriol 169:2385–2390

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson BE, Baumstark BR, Bellini WJ (1988) Expression of the gene encoding the 17-kilodalton antigen from Rickettsia rickettsii: transcription and posttranslational modification. J Bacteriol 170:4493–4500

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson BE, MacDonald GA, Jones DC, Regnery RL (1990) A protective protein antigen of Rickettsia rickettsia has tandemly repeated, hear-identical sequences. Infect Immun 58:2760–2769

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Andersson SG, Zomorodipour A, Andersson JO et al (1998) The genome sequence of Rickettsia prowazekii and the origin of mitochondria. Nature 396:133–140

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anton E, Font B, Munoz T, Sanfeliu I, Segura F (2003) Clinical and laboratory characteristics of 144 patients with Mediterranean spotted fever. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 22:126–128

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Audic S, Robert C, Campagna B, Parinello H, Claverie JM, Raoult D, Drancourt M (2007) Genome analysis of Minibacterium massiliensis highlights the convergent evolution of water-living bacteria. PLoS Genet 3:138

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Azad AF (1990) Epidemiology of murine typhus. Annu Rev Entomol 35:553–569

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bacellar F, De Sousa R, Santos A, Santos-Silva M, Parola P (2003) Boutonneuse fever in Portugal: 1995–2000. Data of a state laboratory. Eur J Epidemiol 18:275–277

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Badger LF (1933) Rocky Mountain spotted fever: susceptibility of the dog and sheep to the virus. Public Health Rep 48:795

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baldridge GD, Burkhardt NY, Felsheim RF, Kurtti TJ, Munderloh UG (2007) Transposon insertion reveals pRM, a plasmid of Rickettsia monacensis. Appl Environ Microbiol 73:4984–4995

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baldridge GD, Burkhardt NY, Felsheim RF, Kurtti TJ, Munderloh UG (2008) Plasmids of the pRM/pRF family occur in diverse Rickettsia species. Appl Environ Microbiol 74:645–652

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Batra HV, Bakshi D (2011) Orientia. In: Liu D (ed) Molecular detection of human bacterial pathogens. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 671–670

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Bechah Y, Karkouri EK, Mediannikov O et al (2010) Genomic, proteomic and transcriptomic analysis of virulent and avirulent Rickettsia prowazekii reveals its adaptive mutation capabilities. Genome Res 20:655–663

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bell-Sakyi L, Zweygarth E, Blouin EF, Gould EA, Jongejan F (2007) Tick cell lines: tools for tick and tickborne disease research. Trends Parasitol 23:450–457

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Binford CH, Ecker HD (1947) Endemic (murine) typhus: report of autopsy findings in three cases. Am J Clin Pathol 17:797–806

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blanc G, Ngwamidiba M, Ogata H, Fournier PE, Claverie JM, Raoult D (2005) Molecular evolution of rickettsia surface antigens: evidence of positive selection. Mol Biol Evol 22:2073–2083

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blanc G, Ogata H, Robert C, Audic S, Claverie JM, Raoult D (2007a) Lateral gene transfer between obligate intracellular bacteria: evidence from the Rickettsia massiliae genome. Genome Res 17:1657–1664

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blanc G, Ogata H, Robert C, Audic S, Suhre K, Vestris G, Claverie JM, Raoult D (2007b) Reductive genome evolution from the mother of Rickettsia. PLoS Genet 3:14

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boussau B, Karlberg EO, Frank AC, Legault BA, Andersson SG (2004) Computational inference of scenarios for alpha-proteobacterial genome evolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101:9722–9727

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bouyer DH, Stenos J, Crocquet-Valdes P, Moron CG, Popov VL, Zavala-Velazquez JE, Foil LD, Stothard DR, Azad AF, Walker DH (2001) Rickettsia felis: molecular characterization of a new member of the spotted fever group. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 51:339–347

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brindefalk B, Ettema TJG, Viklund J, Thollesson M, Andersson SGE (2011) A phylometagenomic exploration of oceanic Alphaproteobacteria reveals mitochondrial relatives unrelated to the SAR11 clade. Plos One 6:1–13

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brouqui P, Houpikian P, Tissot-Dupont H et al (1996) Survey of the seroprevalence of Bartonella quintana in homeless people. Clin Infect Dis 23(4):756–759

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brouqui P, Harle JR, Delmont J, Frances C, Weiller PJ, Raoult D (1997) African tick-bite fever: an imported spotless rickettsiosis. Arch Intern Med 157(1):119–124

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brouqui P, La Scola B, Roux V, Raoult D (1999) Chronic Bartonella quintana bacteremia in homeless patients. N Engl J Med 340(3):184–189

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brouqui P, Bacellar F, Baranton G, Birtles RJ, Bjoersdorff A, Blanco JR, Caruso G, Cinco M, Fournier PE, Francavilla E, Jensenius M, Kazar J, Laferl H, Lakos A, Lotric Furlan S, Maurin M, Oteo JA, Parola P, Perez-Eid C, Peter O, Postic D, Raoult D, Tellez A, Tselentis Y, Wilske B (2004) ESCMID Study Group on Coxiella, Anaplasma, Rickettsia and Bartonella; European Network for Surveillance of Tick-Borne Diseases. Guidelines for the diagnosis of tick-borne bacterial diseases in Europe. Clin Microbiol Infect 12:1108–1132

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brumpt E (1932) Longévité du virus de la fièvre boutonneuse (Rickettsia conorii n. sp.) chez la tique Rhipicephalus sanguineus. C R Soc Biol 110:1119

    Google Scholar 

  • Burgdorfer W (1975) A review of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (tick-borne typhus), its agent, and its tick vectors in the United States. J Med Entomol 12:269–278

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burgdorfer W (1988) Ecological and epidemiological considerations of Rocky Mountain spotted fever and scrub typhus. In: Walker DH (ed) Biology of rickettsial disease. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 34–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Burgess IF (1995) Human lice and their management. In: Baker JR, Muller R, Rollinson D (eds) Advances in parasitology, vol 36. Academic, London, pp 271–342

    Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2006) Diagnosis and management of tickborne rickettsial diseases: Rocky Mountain spotted fever, ehrlichiosis, and anaplasmosis—United States: a practical guide for physicians and other health-care and public health professionals. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 55(RR-4):1–29

    Google Scholar 

  • Champman AS, Bakken JS, Folk SM (2006) Diagnosis and management of tickborne rickettsial diseases: Rocky Mountain spotted fever, ehrlichiosis, and anaplasmosis – United States: a practical guide for physicians and other health-care and public health professionals. MMWR Recomm REP 55:1–27

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaniotis B, Psarulaki A, Chaliotis G et al (1994) Transmission cycle of murine typhus in Greece. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 88(6):645–647

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chaykul P, Panich V, Silpapojakul K (1988) Scrub typhus pneumonitis: an entity which is frequently missed. Q J Med 68(256):595–602

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark KL, Oliver JH, McKechnie DB et al (1998) Distribution, abundance, and seasonal activities of ticks collected from rodents and vegetation in South Carolina. J Vector Ecol 23:89–105

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Claverie JM, Ogata H (2003) The insertion of palindromic repeats in the evolution of proteins. Trends Biochem Sci 28:75–80

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clifton DR, Goss RA, Sahni S et al (1998) NF-kappa B-dependent inhibition of apoptosis is essential for host cell survival during Rickettsia rickettsii infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95:4646–4651

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cory J, Yunker CE, Ormsbee RA, Peacok M, Meibos H, Tallent G (1974) Plaque assay of rickettsiae in a mammalian cell line. Appl Microbiol 27:1157–1161

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cox HR (1941) Cultivation of rickettsiae of the Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Typhus and Q fever groups in the embryonic tissues of developing chicks. Science 94:399–403

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crocquet-Valdes PA, AZ-Montero CM, Feng HM, Li H, Barrett AD, Walker DH (2001) Immunization with a portion of rickettsial outer membrane protein A stimulates protective immunity against spotted fever rickettsiosis. Vaccine 20:979–988

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dalton MJ, Clarke MJ, Holman RC et al (1995) National surveillance for Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 1981–1992: epidemiologic summary and evaluation of risk factors for fatal outcome. Am J Trop Med Hyg 52:405–413

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Lemos ER, Machado RD, Coura JR et al (1997) Epidemiological aspects of the Brazilian spotted fever: seasonal activity of ticks collected in an endemic area in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 30:181–185

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Sousa R, Nobrega SD, Bacellar F, Torgal J (2003) Mediterranean spotted fever in Portugal—risk factors for fatal outcome in 105 hospitalized patients. Rickettsiology 990:285–294

    Google Scholar 

  • Demma LJ, Traeger MS, Nicholson WL et al (2005) Rocky Mountain spotted fever from an unexpected tick vector in Arizona. N Engl J Med 353:587–594

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Devamanoharan PS, Santucci LA, Hong JE et al (1994) Infection of human endothelial cells by Rickettsia rickettsii causes a significant reduction in the levels of key enzymes involved in protection against oxidative injury. Infect Immun 62:2619–2621

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Drancourt M, Mainardi JL, Brouqui P et al (1995) Bartonella (Rochalimaea) quintana endocarditis in three homeless men. N Engl J Med 332(7):419–423

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duffy PE, Le Buillouzic H, Gass RF et al (1990) Murine typhus identified as a major cause of febrile illness in a camp for displaced Khmers in Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg 43:520–526

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dumler J, Walker D (2005) Order II. Rickettsiales. In: Boone DR, Garrity GM, Castenholz RW (eds) Bergey manual of systematic bacteriology, 2nd part C. Springer, East Lansing, pp 96–145

    Google Scholar 

  • Dumler JS, Barbet AF, Bekker CPJ, Dasch GA, Palmer GH, Ray SC, Rikihisa Y, Rurangirwa FR (2001) Reorganization of genera in the families Rickettsiaceae and Anaplasmataceae in the order Rickettsiales: Unification of some species of Ehrlichia with Anaplasma, Cowdria with Ehrlichia and Ehrlichia with Neorickettsia, descriptions of six new species combinations and designation of Ehrlichia equi and ‘HGE agent’ as subjective synonyms of Ehrlichia phagocytophila. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 51:2145–2165

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eads RB, Smith GC (1983) Seasonal activity and Colorado tick fever virus infection rates in Rocky Mountain wood ticks, Dermacentor andersoni (Acari: Ixodidae), in north-central Colorado, USA. J Med Entomol 20:49–55

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eremeeva M, Yu X, Raoult D (1994) Differentiation among spotted fever group Rickettsiae species by analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphism of PCR-amplified DNA. J Clin Microbiol 32:803–810

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eremeeva ME, Bosserman E, Zambrano M, Demma L, Dasch GA (2006) Molecular typing of novel Rickettsia rickettsii isolates from Arizona. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1078:573–577

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Espejo-Arenas E, Font-Creus B, Bella-Cueto F, Segura-Porta F (1986) Climatic factors in resurgence of Mediterranean spotted fever [letter]. Lancet 1:1333

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fan MY, Walker DH, Yu SR et al (1987) Epidemiology and ecology of rickettsial diseases in the People’s Republic of China. Rev Infect Dis 9:823–840

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fournier PE, Raoult D (2007) Bacteriology, taxonomy, and phylogeny of Rickettsia. In: Raoult D, Parola P (eds) Rickettsial diseases. Informa Healthcare, London, pp 1–13

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Fournier PE, Roux V, Caumes E, Donzel M, Raoult D (1998a) Outbreak of Rickettsia africae infections in participants of an adventure race in South Africa. Clin Infect Dis 27(2):316–323

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fournier PE, Roux V, Raoult D (1998b) Phylogenetic analysis of spotted fever group rickettsiae by study of the outer surface protein rOmpA. Int J Syst Bacteriol 48:839–849

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fournier PE, Zhu Y, Ogata H, Raoult D (2004) Use of highly variable intergenic spacer sequences for multispacer typing of Rickettsia conorii strains. J Clin Microbiol 42:757–5766

    Google Scholar 

  • Fournier PE, Belghazi L, Robert C, El Karkouri K, Richards AL, Greub G, Collyn F, Ogawa M, Portillo A, Oteo JA, Psaroulaki A, Bitam I, Raoult D (2008) Variations of plasmid content in Rickettsia felis. PLoS ONE 3:e2289

    Google Scholar 

  • Fournier PE, El Karkouri K, Leroy Q et al (2009) Analysis of the Rickettsia africae genome reveals that virulence acquisition in Rickettsia species may be explained by genome reduction. BMC Genomics 10:166–181

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Friedhoff KT (1990) Interaction between parasite and tick vector. Int J Parasitol 20:525–535

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frost LS, Leplae R, Summers AO, Toussaint A (2005) Mobile genetic elements: the agents of open source evolution. Nat Rev Microbiol 3:722–732

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Georgiades K, Raoult D (2011) Genomes of the most dangerous epidemic bacteria have a virulent repertoire characterized by fewer genes but more toxin–antitoxin modules. PLoS One 6:e17962

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Georgiades K, Merhej V, Pontarotti P, Raoult D (2011) Gene gain and loss events in Rickettsia and Orientia species. Biol Direct 6:6

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gillespie JJ, Beier MS, Rahman MS, Ammerman NC, Shallom JM, Purkayastha A, Sobral BS, Azad AF (2007) Plasmids and rickettsial evolution: insight from Rickettsia felis. PLoS One 3:1–17

    Google Scholar 

  • Gillespie JJ, Williams K, Shukla M, Snyder EE, Nordberg EK, Ceraul SM, Dharmanolla C, Rainey D, Soneja J, Shallom JM, Vishnubhat ND, Wattam R, Purkayastha A, Czar M, Crasta O, Setubal JC, Azad A, Sobral BS (2008) Rickettsia phylogenomics: unwinding the intricacies of obligate intracellular life. PLoS One 3:2018

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gilmore RD Jr (1993) Comparison of the rompA gene repeat regions of rickettsiae reveals species-specific arrangements of individual repeating units. Gene 125:97–102

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Giménez DF (1964) Staining rickettsiae in yolk-sac cultures. Stain Technol 39:135–140

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg MB, Theriot JA (1995) Shigella flexneri surface protein Icsa is sufficient to direct actin-based motility. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 92:6572–6576

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon JC, Gordon SW, Peterson E et al (1984) Epidemiology of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in Ohio, 1981: serologic evaluation of canines and rickettsial isolation from ticks associated with human case exposure sites. Am J Trop Med Hyg 33:1026–1031

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Görtz HD, Schmidt HJ (2005) Genus Holospora. In: Garrity (ed) Bergey’s manual of systematic of bacteriology, vol 2, part C, 2nd edn. Springer, New York, pp 149–151

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Gouin E, Gantelet H, Egile C, Lasa I, Ohayon H, Villiers V, Gounon P, Sansonett PJ, Cossart P (1999) A comparative study of the actin-based motilities of the pathogenic bacteria Listeria monocytogenes, Shigella flexneri and Rickettsia conorii. J Cell Sci 112:1697–1708

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Green CR, Fishbein D, Gleiberman I (1990) Brill-Zinsser: still with us. J Am Med Assoc 264(14):1811–1812

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guedes E, Leite RC, Prata MC et al (2005) Detection of Rickettsia rickettsii in the tick Amblyomma cajennense in a new Brazilian spotted fever-endemic area in the state of Minas Gerais. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 100:841–845

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hacker J, Kaper JB (2000) Pathogenicity islands and the evolution of microbes. Annu Rev Microbiol 54:641–679

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harrell GT (1949) Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Medicine (Baltimore) 28:333–370

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hazard GW, Ganz RN, Nevin RW et al (1969) Rocky Mountain spotted fever in the eastern United States: thirteen cases from the Cape Cod area of Massachusetts. N Engl J Med 280:57–62

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heinzen RA, Hayes SF, Peacock MG, Hackstad T (1993) Directional actin polymerization associated with spotted fever group rickettsia infection of Vero cells. Infect Immun 61:1926–1935

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heinzen RA, Grieshaber SS, Van Kirk LS, Devin CJ (1999) Dynamics of actin-based movement by Rickettsia rickettsia in Vero cells. Infect Immun 67:4201–4207

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Helmick CG, Bernard KW, D’Angelo LJ (1984) Rocky Mountain spotted fever: clinical, laboratory, and epidemiological features of 262 cases. J Infect Dis 150:480–488

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Higgins JA, Radulovic S, Schriefer ME, Azad AF (1996) Rickettsia felis: a new species of pathogenic rickettsia isolated from cat fleas. J Clin Microbiol 34:671–674

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hong JE, Santucci LA, Tian X et al (1998) Superoxide dismutase-dependent, catalase-sensitive peroxides in human endothelial cells infected by Rickettsia rickettsii. Infect Immun 66:1293–1298

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoogstraal H (1967) Ticks in relation to human diseases caused by Rickettsia species. Annu Rev Entomol 12:377–420

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Houhamdi L, Fournier PE, Fang R, Lepidi H, Raoult D (2002) An experimental model of human body louse infection with Rickettsia prowazekii. J Infect Dis 186(11):1639–1646

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson LA, Spach DH (1996) Emergence of Bartonella quintana infection among homeless persons. Emerg Infect Dis 2(2):141–144

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jensenius M, Fournier PE, Vene S et al (2003a) African tick bite fever in travelers to rural sub-Equatorial Africa. Clin Infect Dis 36(11):1411–1417

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jensenius M, Ueland T, Fournier PE et al (2003b) Systemic inflammatory responses in African tick-bite fever. J Infect Dis 187(8):1332–1336

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jensenius M, Fournier PE, Raoult D (2004) Rickettsioses and the international traveler. Clin Infect Dis 39(10):1493–1499

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jonhson JW, Pedersen CE (1978) Plaque formation by strains of spotted fever rickettsiae in monolayer cultures of various cell types. J Clin Microbiol 7:389–391

    Google Scholar 

  • Joshi SG, Francis CW, Silverman DJ et al (2003) Nuclear factor kappa B protects against host cell apoptosis during Rickettsia rickettsii infection by inhibiting activation of apical and effector caspases and maintaining mitochondrial integrity. Infect Immun 71:4127–4136

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Joshi SG, Francis CW, Silverman DJ et al (2004) NF-kappaB activation suppresses host cell apoptosis during Rickettsia rickettsii infection via regulatory effects on intracellular localization or levels of apoptogenic and anti-apoptotic proteins. FEMS Microbiol Lett 234:333–341

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jensenius M, Hoel T, Raoult D, Fournier EP, Kjelshus H, Bruu, AL, Myvang B (2002) Seroepidemiology of Rickettsia africae infection in Norwegian travellers to rural Africa. Scand J Infect Dis 34:93–96

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplowitz LG, Fischer JJ, Sparling PF (1981) Rocky Mountain spotted fever: a clinical dilemma. In: Remington JS, Swartz MN (eds) Current clinical topics in infectious diseases. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 89–107

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelly PJ, Mason PR (1991) Transmission of a spotted fever group rickettsia by Amblyomma hebraeum (Acari: Ixodidae). J Med Entomol 28(5):598–600

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly PJ, Raoult D, Mason PR (1991) Isolation of spotted fever group rickettsias from triturated ticks using a modification of the centrifugation-shell vial technique. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 85:397–398

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly PJ, Beati L, Matthewman LA, Mason PR, Dasch GA, Raoult D (1994) A new pathogenic spotted fever group rickettsia from Africa. J Trop Med Hyg 97(3):129–137

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kirkland KB, Wilkinson WE, Sexton DJ (1995) Therapeutic delay and mortality in cases of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Clin Infect Dis 20:1118–1121

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koehler JE, Quinn FD, Berger TG, Leboit PE, Tappero JW (1992) Isolation of Rochalimaea species from cutaneous and osseous lesions of bacillary angiomatosis. N Engl J Med 327(23):1625–1631

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koonin EV, Wolf YI (2008) Genomics of bacteria and archaea: the emerging dynamic view of the prokaryotic world. Nucleic Acids Res 36:6688–6719

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • La Scola B, Raoult D (1997) Laboratory diagnosis of rickettsiosis: current approaches to diagnosis of old and new rickettsial diseases. J Clin Microbiol 35:2715–2727

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee JH, Park HS, Jang WJ, Koh SE, Kim JM, Shim SK, Park MY, Kim YW, Kim BJ, Kook YH, Park KH, Lee SH (2003) Differentiation of rickettsiae by groEL gene analysis. J Clin Microbiol 41:2952–2960. doi:10.1128/JCM.41.7.2952-2960.2003

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lepidi H, Fournier PE, Raoult D (2006) Histologic features and immunodetection of African tick-bite fever eschar. Emerg Infect Dis 12(9):1332–1337

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li H, Walker DH (1998) rOmpA is a critical protein for the adhesion of Rickettsia rickettsii to host cells. Microb Pathog 24:289–298

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lorandos N (1934) Cases of endemic typhus (Brill’s disease) in Athens. Med Athens 42:639–641

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin Farfan A, Juarez Fernandez C, Calbo-Torrecillas F, Porras Ballesteros J, Diaz Recio M, Bermundez Recio F (1985) Clinico-epidemiological study of 164 cases of boutonneuse fever. Rev Clin Esp 176:333–339

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maurelli AT, Fernandez RE, Bloch CA, Rode CK, Fasano A (1998) “Black holes” and bacterial pathogenicity: a large genomic deletion that enhances the virulence of Shigella spp. and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95:3943–3948

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCalla LP (1908) Direct transmission from man to man of the Rocky Mountain spotted (tick) fever. Med Sentinel 16:87–88

    Google Scholar 

  • McDade JE, Newhouse VF (1986) Natural history of Rickettsia rickettsii. Annu Rev Microbiol 40:287–309

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McLeod MP, Qin X, Karpathy SE et al (2004) Complete genome sequence of Rickettsia typhi and comparison with sequences of other rickettsiae. J Bacteriol 186(17):5842–5855

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miyamura S, Ohta T, Tamura A (1989) Comparison of in vitro susceptibilities of Rickettsia prowazekii, R. rickettsii, R. sibirica and R. tsutsugamushi to antimicrobial agents. Nihon Saikingaku Zasshi 44:717–721

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moliner C, Fournier PE, Raoult D (2010) Genome analysis of microorganisms living in amoebae reveals a melting pot of evolution. FEMS Microbiol Rev 34:281–294

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Montagna M, Sassera D, Epis S, Bazzocchi C, Vannini C, Lo N, Sacchi L, Fukatsu T, Petroni G, Bandi C (2013) Candidatus Midichloriaceae” fam. Nov. (Rickettsiales), an ecologically widespread clade of intracellular Alphaproteobacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 79:3241–3248

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moran NA (1996) Accelerated evolution and Muller’s rachet in endosymbiotic bacteria. Proc Nat Acad Sci U.S.A.93: 2873–2878

    Google Scholar 

  • Moron CG, Popov VL, Feng HM et al (2001) Identification of the target cells of Orientia tsutsugamushi in human cases of scrub typhus. Mod Pathol 14(8):752–759

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Norval RAI (1983) Ticks of Zimbabwe. VII. The genus Amblyomma. Zimb Vet J 14:3–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogata H, Audic S, Barbe V, Artiguenave F, Fournier PE, Raoult D, Claverie JM (2000) Selfish DNA in protein-coding genes of Rickettsia. Science 290:347–350

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ogata H, Audic S, Renesto-Audiffren P, Fournier PE, Barbe V, Samson D, Roux V, Cossart P, Weissenbach J, Claverie JM, Raoult D (2001) Mechanisms of evolution in Rickettsia conorii and R. prowazekii. Science 293:2093–2098

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ogata H, Audic S, Abergel C, Fournier PE, Claverie JM (2002) Protein coding palindromes are a unique but recurrent feature in Rickettsia. Genome Res 12:808–816

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ogata H, Renesto P, Audic S, Robert C, Blanc G, Fournier PE, Parinello H, Claverie JM, Raoult D (2005) The genome sequence of Rickettsia felis identifies the first putative conjugative plasmid in an obligate intracellular parasite. PLoS Biol 3:248

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ogata H, La Scola B, Audic S, Renesto P, Blanc G, Robert C, Fournier PE, Claverie JM, Raoult D (2006) Genome sequence of Rickettsia bellii illuminates the role of amoebae in gene exchanges between intracellular pathogens. PLoS Genet 2:76

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ong HA, Raffeto JF (1940) Rocky Mountain spotted fever: an analysis of eighteen cases in children. J Pediatr 40:647–653

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paddock CD, Sumner JW, Comer JA et al (2004) Rickettsia parkeri: a newly recognized cause of spotted fever rickettsiosis in the United States. Clin Infect Dis 38:805–811

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paddock CD, Fournier P-E, Sumner JW, Goddard J, Elshenawy Y, Metcalfe MG, Loftis AD, Varela-Stokes A (2010) Isolation of Rickettsia parkeri and Identification of a Novel Spotted Fever Group Rickettsia sp. from Gulf Coast Ticks (Amblyomma maculatum) in the United States. Appl Environ Microbiol 76:2689–2696

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Park JH, Hart MS (1946) The pathology of scrub typhus. Am J Clin Pathol 16:139–149

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parker RR (1933) Certain phases of the problem of Rocky Mountain spotted fever: a summary. Arch Pathol 15:398–429

    Google Scholar 

  • Parola P, Raoult D (2001) Ticks and tickborne bacterial diseases in humans: an emerging infectious threat. Clin Infect Dis 32(6):897–928

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parola P, Inokuma H, Camicas JL, Brouqui P, Raoult D (2001) Detection and identification of spotted fever group Rickettsiae and Ehrlichiae in African Ticks. Emerg Infect Dis 7(6):1014–1017

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parola P, Paddock CD, Raoult D (2005) Tick-Bourne Rickettsioses around the World: emerging diseases challenging old Concepts. Clin Microbiol Rev 18:719–756

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson KD (1993) Typhus and its control in Russia, 1870–1940. Med Hist 37(4):361–381

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paya CV, Wold AD, Smith TF (1987) Detection of cytomegalovirus infections in specimens other than urine by the shell vial assay and conventional tube cell cultures. J Clin Microbiol 25:755–757

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Price WH (1954) The epidemiology of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. II. Studies on the biological survival mechanism of Rickettsia rickettsii. Am J Hyg 60:292–319

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Quinn PJ, Markey BK, Leonard FC, Hartigan P, Fanning S, Fitz Patrick ES (2011) Veterinary Microbiology and Microbial Disease, 2nd edn. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, pp 115–122, 928p. Section II. Introductory bacteriology

    Google Scholar 

  • Raoult D, Parola P (2007) Rickettsial diseases. Informa Healthcare, New York/London, Pierre-Edouard Fournier and Didier Raoult, Section I: RICKETTSIA AND HUMAN RICKETTSIOSES. Bacteriology, Taxonomy, and Phylogeny of Rickettsia, P: 1-13. 2007. 399p

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Raoult D, Roux V (1997) Rickettsioses as paradigms of new or emerging infectious diseases. Clin Microbiol Rev 10(4):694–719

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raoult D, Weiller PJ, Chagnon A, Chaudet H, Gallais H, Casanova P (1986) Mediterranean spotted fever: clinical, laboratory and epidemiological features of 199 cases. Am J Trop Med Hyg 35(4):845–850

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raoult D, Tissot-Dupont H, Caraco P, Brouqui P, Drancourt M, Charrel C (1992) Mediterranean spotted fever in Marseille: descriptive epidemiology and the influence climatic factors. Eur J Epidemiol 8:192–197

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raoult D, Fournier PE, Fenollar F et al (2001) Rickettsia africae, a tick-borne pathogen in travelers to sub- Saharan Africa. N Engl J Med 344(20):1504–1510

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Regnery RL, Spruill CL, Plikaytis BD (1991) Genotypic identification of Rickettsiae and estimation of intraspecies sequence divergence for portions of two Rickettsial genes. J Bacteriol 173:1576–1589

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reif KE (2009) Arthropod and vertebrate determinants for horizontal transmission of Rickettsia felis. 152p. Tesis. Doctor of Philosophy. Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College. Rep 1983; 32:131–132

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogozin IB, Makarova KS, Natale DA, Spiridonov AN, Tatusov RL, Wolf YI, Yin J, Koonin EV (2002) Congruent evolution of different classes of non-coding DNA in prokaryotic genomes. Nucleic Acids Res 30:4264–4271

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rolain JM, Maurin M, Vestris G, Raoult D (1998) In vitro susceptibilities of 27 rickettsiae to 13 antimicrobials. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 42(7):1537–1541

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rolain JM, Maurin M, Bryskier A, Raoult D (2000) In vitro activities of telithromycin (HMR 3647) against Rickettsia rickettsii, Rickettsia conorii, Rickettsia africae, Rickettsia typhi, Rickettsia prowazekii, Coxiella burnetii, Bartonella henselae, Bartonella quintana, Bartonella bacilliformis, and Ehrlichia chaffeensis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 44(5):1391–1393

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rolain JM, Jensenius M, Raoult D (2004) Rickettsial infections—a threat to travellers? Curr Opin Infect Dis 17(5):433–437

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roux V, Raoult D (2000) Phylogenetic analysis of members of the genus Rickettsia using the gene encoding the outer-membrane protein rOmpB (ompB). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 50:1449–1455

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rydkina EB, Roux V, Gagua EM, Predtechenski AB, Tarasevich IV, Raoult D (1999) Bartonella quintana in body lice collected from homeless persons in Russia. Emerg Infect Dis 5(1):176–178

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sayen JJ, Pond HS, Forrester JS et al (1946) Scrub typhus in Assam and Burma. Medicine (Baltimore) 25:155–214

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmiela DH, Millera VL (1999) Bacterial phospholipases and pathogenesis. Microbes Infect 1:1103–1112

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schriefer ME, Azad AF (1994) Changing ecology of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. In: Sonenshine DE, Mather TN (eds) Ecological dynamics of tick-borne zoonoses. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 314–326

    Google Scholar 

  • Segura-Porta F, Font-Creus B, Espejo-Arenas E, Bella-Cueto F (1989) New trends in Mediterranean spotted fever. Eur J Epidemiol 5:438–443

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sekeyova Z, Roux V, Raoult D (2001) Phylogeny of Rickettsia spp. inferred by comparing sequences of ‘gene D’, which encodes an intracytoplasmic protein. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 51:1353–1360

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Settle EB, Pinkerton H, Corbett AJ (1945) A pathologic study of tsutsugamushi disease (scrub typhus) with notes on clinicopathologic correlation. J Lab Clin Med 30:639–661

    Google Scholar 

  • Sexton DJ (2005) In: Rose BD (ed) Murine typhus, Waltham

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaked Y, Samra Y, Maier MK, Rubinstein E (1989) Relapse of rickettsial Mediterranean spotted fever and murine typhus after treatment with chloramphenicol. J Infect 18:35–37

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smadel JE, Traub R, Frick LP et al (1950) Chloramphenicol (chloromycetin) in the chemoprophylaxis of scrub typhus (tsutsugamushi disease). III. Suppression of overt disease by prophylactic regimens of four-week duration. Am J Hyg 51(2):216–228

    Google Scholar 

  • Smoak BL, McClain JB, Brundage JF et al (1996) An outbreak of spotted fever rickettsiosis in U.S. Army troops deployed to Botswana. Emerg Infect Dis 2(3):217–221

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sonenshine DE (1993) The biology of ticks. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Spencer RR, Parker RR (1930) Infection by means other than tick bites. Hyg Lab Bull 154:60–63

    Google Scholar 

  • Stamatakis A (2006) RAxML-VI-HPC: Maximum likelihood-based phylogenetic analyses with thousands of taxa and mixed models. Bioinformatics 22:2688–2690

    Google Scholar 

  • Stothard DR, Clark JB, Fuerst PA (1994) Ancestral divergence of Rickettsia bellii from the spotted fever and typhus groups of rickettsia and antiquity of the genus Rickettsia. Int J Syst Bacteriol 44:798–804

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sun YC, Hinnebusch BJ, Darby C (2008) Experimental evidence for negative selection in the evolution of a Yersinia pestis pseudogene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105:8097–8101

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tamura A, Ohashi N, Urakami H, Miyamura S (1995) Classication of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi in a new genus, Orientia gen. nov., as Orientia tsutsugamushi comb. nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol 45:589–591

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Teysseire N, Chiche-Portiche C, Raoult D (1992) Intracellular movements of Rickettsia conorii and R. typhi based on actin polymerization. Res Microbiol 143:821–829

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thrash JC, Boyd A, Huggett MJ, Grote J, Carini P, Yoder RJ, Robbertse B, Spatafora JW, Rappé MS, Giovannoni SJ (2011) Phylogenomic evidence for a common ancestor of mitochondria and the SAR11 clade. Nature 13:1–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Timoney JF, Gillespie JA, Scott FW, Barlough JE. Hagan and Bruner’s microbiology and infectious diseases of domestic animals. Cornell University Press. 912p. 8th edition 1992. Section V: The Rickettsias. Cap 31. The Rickettsiaceae. 319–321

    Google Scholar 

  • Toutous-Trellu L, Peter O, Chavaz P, Saurat JH (2003) African tick bite fever: not a spotless rickettsiosis! J Am Acad Dermatol 48(Suppl 2):S18–S19

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Treadwell TA, Holman RC, Clarke MJ et al (2000) Rocky Mountain spotted fever in the United States during 1993 through 1996. Am J Trop Med Hyg 63:21–26

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsay RW, Chang FY (2002) Acute respiratory distress syndrome in scrub typhus [letter]. Q J Med 95(2):126–128

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tzianabos T, Anderson BE, McDade JE (1989) Detection of Rickettsia rickettsia DNA in clinical specimens by using polymerase chain reaction technology. J Clin Microbiol 27:2866–2868

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Belkum A, Scherer S, van Alphen L, Verbrugh H (1998) Shortsequence DNA repeats in prokaryotic genomes. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 62:275–293

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Der Laan JR, Smit RB (1996) Back again: the clothes louse (Pediculus humanus var. corporis). Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 140(38):1912–1915

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vannini C, Petroni G, Verni F, Rosati G (2005) A bacterium belonging to the Rickettsiaceae family inhabits the cytoplasm of the marine ciliate Diophrys appendiculata (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia). Microb Ecol 49:434–442

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vitorino L, Chelo IM, Bacellar F, Zé-Zé L (2007) Rickettsiae phylogeny: a multigenic approach. Microbiology 153:160–168

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walker DH (2007) Rickettsiae and rickettsial infections: the current state of knowledge. Clin Infect Dis 45:39–44

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walsh DS, Myint KS, Kantipong P et al (2001) Orientia tsutsugamushi in peripheral white blood cells of patients with acute scrub typhus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65(6):899–901

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Watt G, Chouriyagune C, Ruangweerayud R et al (1996) Scrub typhus infections poorly responsive to antibiotics in Northern Thailand. Lancet 348(9020):86–89

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weigl R (1924) Further studies on Rickettsia rochalimae. J Trop Med Hyg 27:14–15

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiss E, Moulder JW (1984) The rickettsias and chlamydias. In: Kreig NR, Holt JG (eds) Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology, vol 1. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 687–739

    Google Scholar 

  • Wells GM, Woodward TE, Fiset P et al (1978) Rocky Mountain spotted fever caused by blood transfusion. J Am Med Assoc 239:2763–2765

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolbach SB (1916) The etiology of Rocky Mountain spotted fever: a preliminary report. J Med Res 34:121–128

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Woodruff PW, Morrill JC, Burans JP et al (1988) A study of viral and rickettsial exposure and causes of fever in Juba, southern Sudan. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 82:761–766

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yarza P, Ludwig W, Euzéby J, Amann R, Schleifer KH, Glöckner FO, Rosselló-Móra R. (2010) Update of the All-Species Living Tree Project based on 16S and 23S rRNA sequence analyses. Syst Appl Microbiol 33:291–299

    Google Scholar 

  • Zavala-Castro JE, Small M, Keng C, Bouyer DH, Zavala-Velazquez J, Walker DH (2005) Transcription of the Rickettsia felis ompA gene in naturally infected fleas. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73:662–666

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departmento de Epidemiologia e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), 23890-000, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil

    Huarrisson Azevedo Santos

  2. Departmento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), 23890-000, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil

    Carlos Luiz Massard

Authors
  1. Huarrisson Azevedo Santos
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Carlos Luiz Massard
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Huarrisson Azevedo Santos .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

    Eugene Rosenberg

  2. Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA

    Edward F. DeLong

  3. Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA

    Edward F. DeLong

  4. Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Stephen Lory

  5. Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany

    Erko Stackebrandt

  6. Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Fabiano Thompson

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this entry

Cite this entry

Santos, H.A., Massard, C.L. (2014). The Family Rickettsiaceae. In: Rosenberg, E., DeLong, E.F., Lory, S., Stackebrandt, E., Thompson, F. (eds) The Prokaryotes. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30197-1_263

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation