Abstract
Skin aging is characterized by cumulative molecular and morphological changes that trigger clinical alterations with significant health and aesthetic implications. Disorganization of the original connective tissue architecture in the dermis and subcutaneous compartments is a hallmark of aging and potentially contributes to the appearance of different skin disorders. Cellulite is a distressing condition that originates from changes in the biomechanical and density properties of the cutaneous connective tissue, which affect the skin surface topography. The limited studies that have directly addressed the relationship between cellulite development and skin aging indicate they are potentially correlated. Cellulite tends to worsen with age, and laxity is one of the major skin aggravating factors that may be considered in the efficient diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of this condition.
Keywords
- Skin
- Aging
- Cellulite
- Connective tissue
- Fibers
- Collagen
- Elastin
- Laxity
- Flaccidity
- Loose skin
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.
References
Lorencini M, Feferman IHS, Maibach HI. New perspectives in the control of the skin aging process. In: Barel AO, Paye M, Maibach HI, editors. Handbook of cosmetic science and technology. 4th ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2014. p. 245–50.
Farage MA, et al. Psychological and social implications of aging skin: normal aging and the effects of cutaneous disease. In: Farage MA, Miller KW, Maibach HI, editors. Textbook of aging skin. 1st ed. Heidelberg: Springer; 2010. p. 949–57.
Luebberding S, Krueger N, Sadick NS. Cellulite: an evidence-based review. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2015;16(4):243–56. doi:10.1007/s40257-015-0129-5.
Hexsel DM, et al. Assessment of psychological, psychiatric, and behavioral aspects of patients with cellulite: a pilot study. Surg Cosmet Dermatol. 2012;4(2):131–6.
Ortonne JP, et al. Cellulite and skin ageing: is there any interaction? J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2008;22(7):827–34. doi:10.1111/j.1468-3083.2007.02570.x.
Hexsel D, Hexsel C. The role of skin tightening in improving cellulite. Dermatol Surg. 2014;40 Suppl 12:180–3. doi:10.1097/DSS.0000000000000204.
Kirkwood TBL. Understanding the odd science of aging. Cell. 2005;120(4):437–47. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.01.027.
Kammeyer A, Luiten RM. Oxidation events and skin aging. Ageing Res Rev. 2015;21:16–29. doi:10.1016/j.arr.2015.01.001.
Scharffetter-Kochanek K, et al. Photoaging of the skin from phenotype to mechanisms. Exp Gerontol. 2000;35(3):307–16.
Waller JM, Maibach HI. Age and skin structure and function, a quantitative approach (II): protein, glycosaminoglycan, water, and lipid content and structure. Skin Res Technol. 2006;12(3):145–54.
Bonta M, Daina L, Muţiu G. The process of ageing reflected by histological changes in the skin. Rom J Morphol Embryol. 2013;54(3):797–804.
Varani J, et al. Decreased collagen production in chronologically aged skin: roles of age-dependent alteration in fibroblast function and defective mechanical stimulation. Am J Pathol. 2006;168(6):1861–8.
Wu S, et al. Quantitative analysis on collagen morphology in aging skin based on multiphoton microscopy. J Biomed Opt. 2011;16(4):040502. doi:10.1117/1.3565439.
Nguyen TT, et al. Changes of skin collagen orientation associated with chronological aging as probed by polarized-FTIR micro-imaging. Analyst. 2014;139(10):2482–8. doi:10.1039/c3an00353a.
Callaghan TM, Wilhelm KP. A review of ageing and an examination of clinical methods in the assessment of ageing skin. Part I: cellular and molecular perspectives of skin ageing. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2008;30(5):313–22. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2494.2008.00454.x.
Calleja-Agius J, Muscat-Baron Y, Brincat MP. Skin ageing. Menopause Int. 2007;13(2):60–4.
Langton AK, et al. Cross-linking of structural proteins in ageing skin: an in situ assay for the detection of amine oxidase activity. Biogerontology. 2013;14(1):89–97. doi:10.1007/s10522-012-9394-3.
Danoux L, et al. How to help the skin cope with glycoxidation. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2014;52(1):175–82. doi:10.1515/cclm-2012-0828.
Klein JA. Subcutaneous fat: anatomy and histology. In: Klein JA, editor. Tumescent technique: tumescent anesthesia & microcannular liposuction. 1st ed. Saint Louis: Mosby; 2000. p. 213–21.
Murphy GF. Histopathology of the skin. In: Elder DE et al., editors. Lever’s histopathology of the skin. 1st ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 1997. p. 5–50.
Kuk JL, et al. Age-related changes in total and regional fat distribution. Ageing Res Rev. 2009;8(4):339–48. doi:10.1016/j.arr.2009.06.001.
Kim EJ, et al. UV modulation of subcutaneous fat metabolism. J Invest Dermatol. 2011;131(8):1720–6. doi:10.1038/jid.2011.106.
Krutmann J, Morita A, Chung JH. Sun exposure: what molecular photodermatology tells us about its good and bad sides. J Invest Dermatol. 2012;132(3 Pt 2):976–84. doi:10.1038/jid.2011.394.
Christ C, et al. Improvement in skin elasticity in the treatment of cellulite and connective tissue weakness by means of extracorporeal pulse activation therapy. Aesthet Surg J. 2008;28(5):538–44. doi:10.1016/j.asj.2008.07.011.
Scherwitz C, Braun-Falco O. So-called cellulite. J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1978;4(3):230–4.
Segers AM, et al. Cellulitis. Histopathologic and histochemical study of 100 cases. Med Cutan Ibero Lat Am. 1984;12(2):167–72.
Hexsel DM. Body repair. In: Parish LC, Brenner S, Ramos-e-Silva M, editors. Women’s dermatology: from infancy to maturity. 1st ed. New York: Parthenon Publishing Group; 2001. p. 586–95.
Hexsel D, Dal’Forno TO, Cignachi S. Definition, clinical aspects, associated conditions, and differential diagnosis. In: Goldman MP et al., editors. Cellulite: pathophysiology and treatment. 1st ed. New York: Taylor & Francis Group; 2006. p. 7–28.
Khan MH, et al. Treatment of cellulite: part I. Pathophysiology. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;62(3):361–70. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2009.10.042.
Khan MH, et al. Treatment of cellulite: part II. Advances and controversies. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;62(3):373–84. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2009.10.041.
Curri SB. Cellulite and fatty tissue microcirculation. Cosmet Toiletries. 1993;108(4):51–8.
Rossi AB, Vergnanini AL. Cellulite: a review. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2000;14(4):251–62.
Nürnberger F, Müller G. So-called cellulite: an invented disease. J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1978;4(3):221–9.
Piérard GE, Nizet JL, Piérard-Franchimont C. Cellulite: from standing fat herniation to hypodermal stretch marks. Am J Dermatopathol. 2000;22(1):34–7.
Querleux B, et al. Anatomy and physiology of subcutaneous adipose tissue by in vivo magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy: relationships with sex and presence of cellulite. Skin Res Technol. 2002;8(2):118–24.
Draelos ZD, Marenus KD. Cellulite. Etiology and purported treatment. Dermatol Surg. 1997;23(12):1177–81.
Mirrashed F, et al. Pilot study of dermal and subcutaneous fat structures by MRI in individuals who differ in gender, BMI, and cellulite grading. Skin Res Technol. 2004;10(3):161–8.
Kligman AM. Cellulite: facts and fiction. J Geriatr Dermatol. 1997;5(4):136–9.
Hexsel DM, et al. Lipodistrofia ginóide. In: Kede MPV, Sabatovich O, editors. Dermatologia Estética. 1st ed. São Paulo: Atheneu; 2003. p. 350–9.
Hexsel DM, et al. Side-by-side comparison of areas with and without cellulite depressions using magnetic resonance imaging. Dermatol Surg. 2009;35(10):471–7. doi:10.1111/j.1524-4725.2009.01260.x.
Nürnberger F. Practically important diseases of the subcutaneous fatty tissue (including so-called cellulite). Med Welt. 1981;32(18):682–8.
Hexsel D, et al. A comparative study of the anatomy of adipose tissue in areas with and without raised lesions of cellulite using magnetic resonance imaging. Dermatol Surg. 2013;39(12):1877–86. doi:10.1111/dsu.12360.
Smalls LK, et al. Quantitative model of cellulite: three-dimensional skin surface topography, biophysical characterization, and relationship to human perception. J Cosmet Sci. 2005;56(2):105–20.
Smalls LK, Randall Wickett R, Visscher MO. Effect of dermal thickness, tissue composition, and body site on skin biomechanical properties. Skin Res Technol. 2006;12(1):43–9.
Smalls LK, et al. Effect of weight loss on cellulite: gynoid lypodystrophy. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;118(2):510–6.
Matarasso A, Matarasso SL. When does your liposuction patient require an abdominoplasty? Dermatol Surg. 1997;23(12):1151–60.
Dobke MK, et al. Assessment of biomechanical skin properties: is cellulitic skin different? Aesthet Surg J. 2002;22(3):260–6. doi:10.1067/maj.2002.124711.
Hexsel DM, Dal’forno T, Hexsel CL. A validated photonumeric cellulite severity scale. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2009;23(5):523–8. doi:10.1111/j.1468-3083.2009.03101.x.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this entry
Cite this entry
Lorencini, M., Camozzato, F., Hexsel, D. (2015). Skin Aging and Cellulite in Women. In: Farage, M., Miller, K., Maibach, H. (eds) Textbook of Aging Skin. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27814-3_160-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27814-3_160-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-27814-3
eBook Packages: Springer Reference MedicineReference Module Medicine
Chapter History
-
Latest
Skin Aging and Cellulite in Women- Published:
- 03 May 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27814-3_160-3
-
Skin Aging and Cellulite in Women
- Published:
- 08 February 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27814-3_160-2
-
Original
Skin Aging and Cellulite in Women- Published:
- 05 November 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27814-3_160-1