Skip to main content

Analyzing Hominin Phylogeny

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
  • 672 Accesses

Abstract

An understanding of the phylogenetic relationships among organisms is critical for evaluating the evolutionary history of their adaptations and biogeography as well as forming the basis for systematics. As the numbers of hominin fossils and hominin taxa have increased over the past 40 years, controversies over phylogeny have expanded and have become a hallmark of paleoanthropology. Concordant with the rise in taxonomic diversity, the increased use of phylogenetic systematics, or cladistics, has provided a valuable tool for reconstructing hominin phylogeny. Despite the widespread view that hominin phylogeny is a source of endless debate, there is a broad consensus regarding many aspects of hominin phylogeny.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

References

  • Ackermann RR, Cheverud JM (2000) Phenotypic covariance structure in tamarins (genus Saguinus): a comparison of variation patterns using matrix correlation and common principal component analysis. Am J Phys Anthropol 111:489–501

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Andrews P (1984) An alternative interpretation of the characters used to define Homo erectus. Cour Forsch Inst Senckenb 69:99–111

    Google Scholar 

  • Argue D, Morwood MJ, Sutikna T, Jatmiko SEW (2009) Homo floresiensis: a cladistic analysis. J Hum Evol 57:623–639

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arsuaga JL, Martinez I, Garcia A, Lorenzo C (1997) The Sima de los Huesos crania (Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain). A comparative study. J Hum Evol 33:533–559

    Google Scholar 

  • Asfaw B, White TD, Lovejoy O, Latimer B, Simpson S, Suwa G (1999) Australopithecus garhi: a new species of early hominid from Ethiopia. Science 284:629–635

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berger LR, de Ruiter DJ, Churchill SE, Schmid P, Carlson KJ, Dirks PHGM, Kibii JM (2010) Australopithecus sediba: a new species of Homo-like australopith from South Africa. Science 328:195–204

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bermudez de Castro JM, Martinon-Torres M, Carbonell E, Sarmiento S, Rosas A, vander Made J, Lozano M (2004) The Atapuerca sites and their contributions to the knowledge of human evolution in Europe. Evol Anthropol 13:25–41

    Google Scholar 

  • Brace CL (1967) The stages of human evolution. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs

    Google Scholar 

  • Bräuer G (1982) Early anatomically modern man in Africa and the replacement of the Mediterranean and European Neanderthals. In H. de Lumley (Ed.) I. Congrès International de Paléontologie Humaine (Resumés: 112). Nice: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Louis-Jean Scientific and Literary Publications

    Google Scholar 

  • Bräuer G (1994) How different are Asian and African Homo erectus. In: Franzen JL (ed) 100 years of Pithecanthropus; The Homo erectus problem., pp 301–318, Cour Forsch Inst Senckenberg

    Google Scholar 

  • Brunet M, Beauvillain A, Coppens Y, Heintz E, Moutaye AHE, Pilbeam DR (1996) Australopithecus bahrelghazali, une nouvelle espece d’Hominide ancien de la region Koro Toro. CR Acad Sci Paris 322:907–913

    Google Scholar 

  • Brunet M, Guy F, Pilbeam D, Mackaye HT, Likius A, Ahounta D, Beauvillain A, Blondel C, Bocherens H, Boisserie JR, De Bonis L, Coppens Y, Dejax J, Denys C, Duringer P, Eisenmann V, Fanone G, Fronty P, Geraads D, Lehmann T, Lihoreau F, Louchart A, Mahamat A, Merceron G, Mouchelin G, Otero O, Campomanes PP, De Leon MP, Rage JC, Sapanet M, Schuster M, Sudre J, Tassy P, Valentin X, Vignaud P, Viriot L, Zazzo A, Zollikofer C (2002) A new hominid from the Upper Miocene of Chad, Central Africa. Nature 418:145–151

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buettner-Janusch J (1966) Origins of man. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Chamberlain AT, Wood BA (1987) Early hominid phylogeny. J Hum Evol 16:119–133

    Google Scholar 

  • Delson E (1985) Ancestors: the hard evidence. Alan R Liss, Inc., New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Delson E (1986) Human phylogeny revised again. Nature 322:496–497

    Google Scholar 

  • Delson E, Eldredge N, Tattersall I (1977) Reconstruction of hominid phylogeny: a testable framework based on cladistic analysis. J Hum Evol 6:263–278

    Google Scholar 

  • Dobzhansky T (1944) On species and races of living and fossil man. Am J Phys Anthropol 2:251–265

    Google Scholar 

  • Eldredge N, Tattersall I (1975) Evolutionary models, phylogenetic reconstruction, and another look at hominid phylogeny. In: Szalay FS (ed) Approaches to primate paleobiology. Karger, Basel, pp 218–242

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleagle JG, Jungers WL (1982) Fifty years of higher primate phylogeny. In: Spencer F (ed) A history of American physical anthropology 1930–1980. Academic, New York, pp 187–230

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleagle JG, Kay RF (1987) The phyletic position of the Parapithecidae. J Hum Evol 16:483–532

    Google Scholar 

  • Green RE, Krause J, Briggs AW, Maricic T, Stenzel U, Kircher M, Patterson N, Li H, Weiwei Z, Fritz MH-Y, Hansen NF, Durand EY, Malaspinas A-S, Jensen JD, Marques-Bonet T, Alkan C, Prüfer K, Meyer M, Burbano HA, Good JM, Schultz R, Aximu-Petri A, Butthof A, Höber B, Höffner B, Siegemund M, Weihmann A, Nusbaum C, Lander ES, Russ C, Novod N, Affourtit J, Egholm M, verna C, Rudan P, Brajkovic D, Kucan Z, GušicI DVB, Golovanova LV, Lalueza-Fox C, de la Rasilla M, Fortea Jm Rosas A, Schmitz RW, Johnson PLF, Eichler EE, Falush D, Birney E, Mullikin JC, Slatkin M, Nielsen R, Kelso J, Lachmann M, Reich D, Pääbo S (2010) A draft sequence of the Neandertal Genome. Science 328:710–722

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grine FE (1988) Evolutionary history of the “robust” australopithecines: a summary and historical perspective. In: Grine FE (ed) Evolutionary history of the “robust” australopithecines. Aldine de Gruyter, New York, pp 223–246

    Google Scholar 

  • Grine F, Fleagle JG, Martin LB (1987) Primate phylogeny. Academic, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Gundling T (2005) First in line: tracing our ape ancestry. Yale University Press, New Haven

    Google Scholar 

  • Haile-Selassie Y (2001) Late Miocene hominids from the Middle Awash, Ethiopia. Nature 412:178–181

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haile-Selassie Y, Suwa G, White TD (2004) Late Miocene teeth from Middle Awash, Ethiopia, and early hominid dental evolution. Science 303:1503–1505

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey PH, Pagel MD (1991) The comparative method in evolutionary biology. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawks J (2005) How much can Cladistics tell us about early Hominid relationships. Am J Phys Anthropol 125:207–219

    Google Scholar 

  • Henke W, Hardt T (2011) The genus Homo: origin, speciation and dispersal. In: Condemi S, Weniger G-C (eds) Continuity and discontinuity in the peopling of Europe: one hundred fifty years of Neanderthal study. Springer Science + Business Media BV, Dordrecht, pp 17–45

    Google Scholar 

  • Hennig W (1966) Phylogenetic systematics. University of Illinois Press, Urbana

    Google Scholar 

  • Hooton EA (1931) Up from the Ape. Macmillan, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Howells WW (1975) Neanderthal man: facts and figures. In: Tuttle RH (ed) Paleoanthropology: morphology and paleoecology. Mouton Publishers, The Hague, pp 389–407

    Google Scholar 

  • Hublin JJ (1998) Climatic changes, paleogeography, and the evolution of the Neandertals. In: Akazawa T, Aoki K, Bar-Yosef O (eds) Neandertals and modern humans in Western Asia. Plenum Press, New York, pp 295–310

    Google Scholar 

  • Johanson DC, White TD (1979) A systematic assessment of early African hominids. Science 203:321–329

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johanson DC, White TD, Coppens Y (1978) A new species of the genus Australopithecus (Primates: Hominidae) from the Pliocene of eastern Africa. Kirtlandia 28:1–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Jungers WL, Harcourt-Smith WEH, Wunderlich RE, Tocheri MW, Larson SG, Sutikna T, Rhokus AD, Morwood MJ (2009) The foot of Homo floresiensis. Nature 459:81–84

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kay RF, Ross CF, Williams BA (1997) Anthropoid origins. Science 275:797–804

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kimbel WH, Rak Y (1993) The importance of species taxa in paleoanthropology and an argument for the phylogenetic concept of the species category. In: Kimbel WH, Martin LB (eds) Species, species concepts and primate evolution. Plenum, New York, pp 461–484

    Google Scholar 

  • Kimbel WH, White TD, Johanson DC (1984) Cranial morphology of Australopithecus afarensis: a comparative study based on a composite reconstruction of the adult skull. Am J Phys Anthropol 64:337–388

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kimbel WH, White TD, Johanson DC (1988) Implications of KNM-WT 17000 for the evolution of “robust” australopithecines. In: Grine FE (ed) Evolutionary history of the “robust” australopithecines. Aldine de Gruyter, New York, pp 259–258

    Google Scholar 

  • Kimbel WH, Rak Y, Johanson DC (2004) The skull of Australopithecus afarensis. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Kimbel WH, Lockwood C, Ward C, Leakey M, Rak Y, Johanson D (2006) Was Australopithecus anamensis ancestral to A. afarensis? A case of anagenesis in the early hominin fossil record. J Hum Evol 51:134–152

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kitching IJ, Forey PL, Humphries CJ, Williams DM (1998) Cladistics: the theory and practice of parsimony analysis, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Leakey REF (1969) Faunal remains from the Omo Valley. Nature 222:1132–1133

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leakey REF, Walker AC (1976) Australopithecus, Homo erectus and the single species hypothesis. Nature 261:572–574

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leakey MG, Feibel CS, McDougall I, Ward C, Walker AC (1995) New four-million-year-old hominid species from Kanapoi and Allia Bay, Kenya. Nature 376:565–571

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leakey MG, Spoor F, Brown FH, Gathogo PN, Kiarie C, Leakey LN, McDougall I (2001) New hominin genus from eastern Africa shows diverse middle Pliocene lineages. Nature 410:433–440

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lieberman DE (2001) Another face in our family tree. Nature 410:419–420

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lieberman DE, Wood BA, Pilbeam DR (1996) Homoplasy and early Homo: an analysis of the evolutionary relationships of H. habilis sensu stricto and H. rudolfensis. J Hum Evol 30:97–120

    Google Scholar 

  • Lordkipanidze D, Ponce de Leon MS, Margvelashvili A, Rak Y, Rightmire GP, Vekua A, Zollikofer PE (2013) A complete skull from Dmanisi, Georgia, and the evolutionary biology of early Homo. Science 342:326–331

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Luckett WP, Szalay FS (eds) (1975) Phylogeny of the primates: a multidisciplinary approach. Plenum, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Manzi G (2004) Human evolution at the Matuyama-Brunhes boundary. Evol Anthropol 13:11–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Martinón-Torres M, Bermúdez de Castro JM, Gómez-Robles A, Arsuaga JL, Carbonell E, Lordkipanidze D, Manzi G, Margvelashvili A (2007) Dental evidence on the hominin dispersals during the Pleistocene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:13279–13282

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mayr E (1950) Taxonomic categories in fossil hominids. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 15:109–118

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCollum MA (1999) The robust australopithecine face: a morphogenetic perspective. Science 284:301–305

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mellars P, Stringer C (1989) The human revolution: behavioral and biological perspectives on the origin of modern humans. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Keefe FR, Sander PM (1999) Paleontological paradigms and inferences of phylogenetic pattern: a case study. Paleobiology 25:518–533

    Google Scholar 

  • Olson TR (1978) Hominid phylogenetics and the existence of Homo in member I of the Swartkrans formation. S Afr J Hum Evol 7:159–178

    Google Scholar 

  • Olson TR (1981) Basicranial morphology of the extant hominoids and Pliocene hominids: the new material from the Hadar formation, Ethiopia, and its significance in early human evolution and taxonomy. In: Stringer CB (ed) Aspects of human evolution. Taylor and Francis, London, pp 99–128

    Google Scholar 

  • Olson TR (1985) Cranial morphology and systematics of the Hadar formation hominids and “Australopithecusafricanus. In: Delson E (ed) Ancestors: the hard evidence. Alan R Liss, Inc., New York, pp 102–119

    Google Scholar 

  • Organ C, Nunn CL, Machanda Z, Wrangham RW (2011) Phylogenetic rate shifts in feeding time during the evolution of Homo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108:14555–14559

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Plavcan JM, Cope DA (2001) Metric variation and species recognition in the fossil record. Evol Anthropol 10:204–222

    Google Scholar 

  • Purvis A, Webster AJ (1999) Phylogenetically independent comparisons and primate phylogeny. In: Lee PC (ed) Comparative primate socioecology. Cambridge University Press, New York, pp 44–70

    Google Scholar 

  • Rak Y (1983) The Australopithecine face. Academic, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Reich D, Green RE, Kircher M, Krause J, Patterson N, Durand EY, Viola B, Briggs AW, Stenzel U, Johnson PLF, Maricic T, Good JM, Marques-Bonet T, Alkan C, Fu Q, Mallick S, Li H, Meyer M, Eichler EE, Stoneking M, Richards M, Talamo S, Shunkov MV, Derevianko AO, Hublin J-J, Kelso J, Slatkin M, Pääbo S (2010) Genetic history of an archaic hominin group from Denisova Cave in Siberia. Nature 468:1053–1060

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rightmire GP (1992) Homo erectus: ancestor or evolutionary side branch. Evol Anthropol 1:43–49

    Google Scholar 

  • Rightmire GP (1998) Human evolution in the Middle Pleistocene. Evol Anthropol 6:218–227

    Google Scholar 

  • Ross CF, Williams BA, Kay RF (1998) Phylogenetic analysis of anthropoid relationships. J Hum Evol 35:221–306

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Senut B, Pickford M, Gommery D, Mein P, Cheboi K, Coppens Y (2001) First hominid from the Miocene (Lukeino formation, Kenya). CR Acad Sci Paris Sci Terre Plan 332:137–144

    Google Scholar 

  • Skelton RR, McHenry HM (1992) Evolutionary relationships among early hominids. J Hum Evol 23:309–349

    Google Scholar 

  • Skelton RR, McHenry HM (1998) Trait list bias and a reappraisal of early hominid phylogeny. J Hum Evol 34:109–113

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Skelton RR, McHenry HM, Drawhorn GM (1986) Phylogenetic analysis of early hominids. Curr Anthropol 27:329–340

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith AB (1994) Systematics and the fossil record. Blackwell Scientific, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith F (1997) Modern human origins. In: Spencer F (ed) History of physical anthropology, vol 2. Garland Publishing Inc, New York, pp 661–672

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith F, Spencer F (1982) The origins of modern humans: a world survey of the fossil evidence. Alan R Liss, Inc., New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Strait DS (2001) Integration phylogeny and the hominid cranial base. Am J Phy Anthropol 14:273–297

    Google Scholar 

  • Strait DS, Grine FE (1998) Trait list bias? A reply to Skelton and McHenry. J Hum Evol 34:115–118

    Google Scholar 

  • Strait DS, Grine FE (1999) Cladistics and early hominid phylogeny. Science 285:1210

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Strait DS, Grine FE (2001) The systematics of Australopithecus garhi. Ludus Vitalis 9:17–82

    Google Scholar 

  • Strait DS, Grine FE (2004) Inferring Hominoid and early Hominid phylogeny using craniodental characters. J Hum Evol 47:399–452

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Strait DS, Grine FE, Moniz MA (1997) A reappraisal of early hominid phylogeny. J Hum Evol 32:17–82

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stringer CB (1974) Population relationships of later Pleistocene hominids: a multivariate study of available crania. J Archaeol Sci 1:317–342

    Google Scholar 

  • Stringer CB (1978) Some problems in Middle and Upper Pleistocene hominid relationships. In: Chivers D, Joysey K (eds) Recent advances in primatology 3: evolution. Academic, London, pp 395–418

    Google Scholar 

  • Stringer CB (1987) A numerical cladistic analysis for the genus Homo. J Hum Evol 16:135–146

    Google Scholar 

  • Stringer C (2002) Modern human origins: progress and prospects. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B 357:563–579

    Google Scholar 

  • Stringer C (2012a) Lone survivors. Times Books, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Stringer CB (2012b) The status of Homo heidelbergensis (Schoetensack 1908). Evol Anthropol 21:101–107

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Suwa G, White TD, Howell FC (1996) Mandibular postcanine dentition from the Shungura Formation, Ethiopia: crown morphology, taxonomic allocations and Plio-Pleistocene hominid evolution. Am J Phys Anthropol 101:247–282

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Szalay FS (1977) Ancestors, descendants, sister groups, and testing of phylogenetic hypotheses. Syst Zool 26:12–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Tattersall I (1986) Species recognition in human paleontology. J Hum Evol 15:165–175

    Google Scholar 

  • Tattersall I (1992) Species concepts and species identification in human evolution. J Hum Evol 22:341–349

    Google Scholar 

  • Tattersall I (1996) Paleoanthropology and preconception. In: Meikle WE, Howell FC, Jablonski NG (eds) Contemporary issues in human evolution. Calif Acad Sci Mem 21: 47–54

    Google Scholar 

  • Tattersall I (1999) Paleoanthropology: the last half-century. Evol Anthropol 7:2–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Tattersall I, Eldredge N (1977) Fact, theory, and fantasy in human paleontology. Am Sci 65(2):204–211

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tobias PV (1980) “Australopithecus afarensis” and A. africanus: critique and an alternative hypothesis. Palaeontol Afr 23:1–17

    Google Scholar 

  • Trinkaus E (1989) The emergence of modern humans. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Trinkaus E (1990) Cladistics and the hominid fossil record. Am J Phys Anthropol 83:1–11

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vrba ES (1988) Late Pliocene climatic events and hominid evolution. In: Grine FE (ed) Evolutionary history of the “robust” australopithecines. Aldine de Gruyter, New York, pp 405–426

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagner PJ, Erwin DH (1995) Phylogenetic tests of speciation models. In: Erwin DH, Antsy RL (eds) New approaches to speciation in the fossil record. Columbia University Press, New York, pp 87–122

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker AC, Leakey REF, Harris JM, Brown FH (1986) 2.5-Myr Australopithecus boisei from west of Lake Turkana, Kenya. Nature 322:517–522

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward CV, Leakey MG, Walker A (2001) Morphology of Australopithecus anamensis from Kanapoi and Allia Bay, Kenya. J Hum Evol 41:255–368

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weidenreich F (1946) Apes, giants, and man. University of Chicago Press, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • White TD (2002) Earliest hominids. In: Hartwig WC (ed) The primate fossil record. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK, pp 407–417

    Google Scholar 

  • White TD (2003) Early hominids: diversity or distortion? Science 299:1194–1197

    Google Scholar 

  • White TD, Johanson DC, Kimbel WH (1981) Australopithecus africanus: its phyletic position reconsidered. S Afr J Sci 77:445–470

    Google Scholar 

  • White TD, Suwa G, Asfaw B (1994) Australopithecus ramidus, a new species of early hominid from Aramis, Ethiopia. Nature 371:306–312

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • White TD, Asfaw B, Beyene Y, Haile-Selassie Y, Lovejoy CO, Suwa G, WoldeGabriel G (2009) Ardipithecus ramidus and the paleobiology of early hominids. Science 326:75–86

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wolpoff MH (1971) Competitive exclusion among lower Pleistocene hominids: the single species hypothesis. Man 6:601–614

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolpoff MH, Thorne AG, Jelinek J, Yinyum Z (1994) The case for sinking Homo erectus 100 years of Pithecanthropus is enough! Cour Forsch Inst Senckenb 171:341–361

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolpoff MH, Senut B, Pickford M, Hawks J (2002) Sahelanthropus or ‘Sahelpithecus’? Nature 419:581–582

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wood BA (1988) Are “robust” australopithecines a monophyletic group? In: Grine FE (ed) Evolutionary history of the “robust” australopithecines. Aldine de Gruyter, New York, pp 269–284

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood BA (1991) Koobi Fora research project. vol 4: Hominid cranial remains. Clarendon, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood BA (1992) Early hominid species and speciation. J Hum Evol 22:351–365

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood BA (1994) Taxonomy and evolutionary relationships of Homo erectus. In: Franzen JL (ed) 100 years of Pithecanthropus; The Homo erectus problem. Cour Forusch Inst Senckenberg 171:159–165

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood BA, Collard M (1999a) The human genus. Science 284:65–71

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wood BA, Collard M (1999b) The changing face of Genus Homo. Evol Anthropol 8:195–207

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood B, Lonergan N (2008) The hominin fossil record: taxa, grades and clades. J Anat 212(4):354–376

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wood B, Martin LB, Andrews P (1986) Major topics in primate and human evolution. Taylor and Francis, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Zipfel B, DeSilva JM, Kidd RS, Carlson KJ, Churchill SE, Berger LR (2011) The foot and ankle of Australopithecus sediba. Science 333:1417–1420

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to David Strait .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this entry

Cite this entry

Strait, D., Grine, F.E., Fleagle, J.G. (2013). Analyzing Hominin Phylogeny. In: Henke, W., Tattersall, I. (eds) Handbook of Paleoanthropology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27800-6_58-4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27800-6_58-4

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-27800-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference Biomedicine and Life SciencesReference Module Biomedical and Life Sciences

Publish with us

Policies and ethics