Skip to main content

Zoogeography : Primate and Early Hominin Distribution and Migration Patterns

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
  • 260 Accesses

Introduction

It is a commonplace observation that species of both plants and animals have patterns of distribution, and that everything is not found everywhere (Cox and Moore 2004). In many cases, such distributions can be explained by the presence of physical or biotic barriers such as mountains, deserts, or water and the absence of suitable foods, while some clearly owe much to modern human interference. But a species may not have always been where it is found now, while another may formerly have existed in areas from which it is now absent, so that many patterns reflect processes of movement that occurred from a few tens to thousands or millions of years ago. We live on a planet that has been constantly changing as the continents have shifted and climates have altered, and it is likely that many of the patterns we observe today have been affected by such events.

Change in zoogeography over geological time, and its relationship to tectonic and climatic events, is one of the things...

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

References

  • Abbate E, Sagri M (2012) Early to Middle Pleistocene Homo dispersals from Africa to Eurasia: geological, climatic and environmental constraints. Q Int 267:3–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Adams WM, Goudie AS, Orme AR (1996) The physical geography of Africa. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Agustí J, Anton M (2002) Mammoths, sabertooths and hominids. 65 million years of mammalian evolution in Europe. Columbia University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Agustí J, Lordkipanidze D (2011) How “African” was the early human dispersal out of Africa? Q Sci Rev 30:1338–1342

    Google Scholar 

  • Agustí J, Cabrera L, Garcés M, Llenas M (1999) Mammal turnover and global climatic change in the late Miocene terrestrial record of the Vallès-Penedès basin (NE Spain). In: Agustí J, Rook L, Andrews P (eds) Hominoid evolution and climatic change in Europe, vol 1, The evolution of Neogene terrestrial ecosystems in Europe. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 397–412

    Google Scholar 

  • Agustí J, Vekua A, Oms O, Lordkipanidze D, Bukhsianidze M, Kiladze G, Rook L (2009) The Pliocene-Pleistocene succession of Kvabebi (Georgia) and the background to the early human occupation of Southern Caucasus. Q Sci Rev 28:3275–3280

    Google Scholar 

  • Alberdi MT, Alonso MA, Azanza B, Hoyos M, Morales J (2001) Vertebrate taphonomy in circum-lake environments; three cases in the Guadix-Baza Basin (Granada, Spain). Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 165:1–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrews P (1992) Evolution and environment in the Hominoidea. Nature 360:641–646

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Andrews P, Bernor R (1999) Vicariance biogeography and paleoecology of Eurasian Miocene hominoid primates. In: Agustí J, Rook L, Andrews P (eds) Hominoid evolution and climatic change in Europe, vol 1, The evolution of Neogene terrestrial ecosystems in Europe. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 454–487

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrews P, Humphrey L (1999) African Miocene environments and the transition to early hominines. In: Bromage T, Schrenk F (eds) African biogeography, climatic change and early hominid evolution. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 282–300

    Google Scholar 

  • Asfaw B, White T, Lovejoy O, Latimer B, Simpson S, Suwa G (1999) Australopithecus garhi: a new species of early hominid from Ethiopia. Science 284:629–635

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Asher RJ, Bennett N, Lehmann T (2009) The new framework for understanding placental mammal evolution. Bioessays 31:853–864

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bar-Yosef O, Belfer-Cohen A (2001) From Africa to Eurasia – early dispersals. Q Int 75:19–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Begun DR (1993) New catarrhine phalanges from Rudabánya (Northeastern Hungary) and the problem of parallelism and convergence in hominoid postcranial morphology. J Hum Evol 24:373–402

    Google Scholar 

  • Begun DR (2009) Dryopithecins, Darwin, de Bonis, and the European origin of the African apes and human clade. Geodiversitas 31:789–816

    Google Scholar 

  • Belmaker M (2010a) Early Pleistocene faunal connections between Africa and Eurasia: an ecological perspective. In: Fleagle JG, Shea JJ, Grine FE, Baden AL, Leakey RE (eds) Out of Africa I: the first hominin colonisation of Eurasia. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 183–205

    Google Scholar 

  • Belmaker M (2010b) The presence of a large cercopithecine (cf. Theropithecus sp.) in the ‘Ubeidiya formation (Early Pleistocene, Israel). J Hum Evol 58:79–89

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Belmaker M, Tchernov E, Condemi S, Bar-Yosef O (2002) New evidence for hominid presence in the Lower Pleistocene of the Southern Levant. J Hum Evol 43:43–56

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boitel F, Dépont J, Tourenq J, Lorenz J, Abelanet J, Pomerol J (1996) Découverte d’une industrie lithique dans le Pliocène supérieur du sud du bassin parisien (Formation des sables et argiles du Bourbonnais). C R Acad Sci Paris 322:507–514

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bonifay E, Vandermeersch B (1991) Les premiers Européens. Editions du CTHS, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowler JM, Johnston H, Olley JM, Prescott JR, Roberts RG, Shawcross W, Spooner NA (2003) New ages for human occupation and climate change at Lake Mungo, Australia. Nature 421:837–840

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bromage TG, Schrenk F (1995) Biogeographic and climatic basis for a narrative of early hominid evolution. J Hum Evol 28:109–114

    Google Scholar 

  • Brunet M, Beauvillain A, Coppens Y, Heinz E, Moutaye AHE, Pilbeam D (1995) The first australopithecine 2500 kilometres west of the Rift Valley (Chad). Nature 378:273–275

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brunet M, Beauvilain A, Coppens Y, Heintz E, Moutaye AHE, Pilbeam D (1996) Australopithecus bahrelghazali, a new species of early hominid from Koro Toro region, Chad. C R Acad Sci Paris 322:907–913

    Google Scholar 

  • Brunet M, Guy F, Pilbeam D, Mackaye HT, Likius A, Ahounta D, Beauvillain A, Blondel C, Bocherens H, Boisserie JR, de Bonis L, Coppens Y, Dejax J, Denys C, Duringer P, Eisenmann V, Fanone G, Fronty P, Geraads D, Lehmann T, Lihoreau F, Louchart A, Mahamat A, Merceron G, Mouchelin G, Otero O, Campomanes PP, Ponce de Leon M, Rage JC, Sapanet M, Schuster M, Sudre J, Tassy P, Valentin X, Vignaud P, Viriot L, Zazzo A, Zollikofer C (2002) A new hominid from the Upper Miocene of Chad, Central Africa. Nature 418:145–151

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cachel S, Harris JWK (1998) The lifeways of Homo erectus inferred from archaeology and evolutionary ecology: a perspective from East Africa. In: Petraglia MD, Korisettar R (eds) Early human behaviour in global context – the rise and diversity of the Lower Palaeolithic record. Routledge, London, pp 108–132

    Google Scholar 

  • Cerling TE (1992) Development of grasslands and savannas in East Africa during the Neogene. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 97:241–247

    Google Scholar 

  • Cerling TE, Harris JM, Mac Fadden BJ, Leakey MG, Quade J, Eisenmann V, Ehleringer JR (1997) Global vegetation change through the Miocene/Pliocene boundary. Nature 389:153–158

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cox CB, Moore PD (2004) Biogeography. Blackwell, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Crassard R, Petraglia MD, Drake NA, Breeze P, Gratuze B, Alsharekh A, Arbarch M, Groucutt HS, Khalidi L, Michelsen N, Robin CJ, Schiettecatte J (2013) Middle Palaeolithic and Neolithic occupations around Mundafan palaeolake, Saudi Arabia: implications for climate change and human dispersals. PlosOne 8(e69665):1–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Dennell RW (1998) Grasslands, tool making and the hominid colonization of Southern Asia: a reconsideration. In: Petraglia MD, Korisettar R (eds) Early human behaviour in global context. Routledge, London, pp 280–303

    Google Scholar 

  • Dennell R (2004) Early Hominin landscapes in Northern Pakistan: investigations in the Pabbi Hills, vol 1265, BAR international series. Archaeopress, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Dennell R (2009) The Palaeolithic settlement of Asia. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Dobson M (1998) Mammal distributions in the western Mediterranean: the role of human intervention. Mammal Rev 28(2):77–88

    Google Scholar 

  • Dobson M, Wright A (2000) Faunal relationships and zoogeographical affinities of mammals from North-West Africa. J Biogeogr 27:417–424

    Google Scholar 

  • Dominguez-Rodrigo M, Pickering TR, Bunn HT (2011) Reply to McPherron et al.: doubting Dikika is about data, not paradigms. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108:E117

    CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fleagle JC (1999) Primate adaptation and evolution. Academic, San Diego

    Google Scholar 

  • Flemming NV, Bailey GN, Courtillot V, King G, Lambeck K, Ryerson F, Vita-Finzi C (2003) Coastal and marine palaeo-environments and human dispersal across the Africa-Eurasia boundary. In: Brebbia CA, Gambin T (eds) Maritime heritage. WIT Press, Southampton, pp 61–74

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibert J, Ribot F, Gibert L, Leakey M, Arribas A, Martinez B (1995) Presence of the Cercopithecid genus Theropithecus in Cueva Victoria (Murcia, Spain). J Hum Evol 28:487–493

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibert L, Scott GR, Montoya P, Ruiz-Sánchez FJ, Morales J, Luque L, Abella J, Leria M (2013) Evidence for an African-Iberian mammal dispersal during the pre-evaporitic Messinian. Geology 41:691–694

    Google Scholar 

  • Glennie KW, Singhvi AK (2002) Event stratigraphy, paleoenvironment and chronology of SE Arabian deserts. Q Sci Rev 21:853–869

    Google Scholar 

  • Grubb P (1999) Evolutionary processes implicit in distribution patterns of modern African mammals. In: Bromage TG, Schrenk F (eds) African biogeography, climate change, and human evolution. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 150–164

    Google Scholar 

  • Grubb P, Sandrock O, Kullmar O, Kaiser TM, Schrenk F (1999) Relationships between eastern and southern African mammal faunas. In: Bromage TG, Schrenk F (eds) African biogeography, climate change, and human evolution. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 253–267

    Google Scholar 

  • Haile-Selassie Y, WoldeGabriel G (2009) Ardipithecus kadabba: later Miocene evidence from the Middle Awash, Ethiopia. University of California Press, Berkley

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison T (2010) Dendropithecoidea, Proconsuloidea and Hominoidea. In: Werdelin L, Sanders WJ (eds) Cenozoic mammals of Africa. University of California Press, Berkeley, pp 429–469

    Google Scholar 

  • Harzhauser M, Kroh A, Mandic O, Piller WE, Göhlich U, Reuter M, Berning B (2007) Biogeographic responses to geodynamics: a key study all around the Oligo-Miocene Tethyan Seaway. Zool Anz 246:241–256

    Google Scholar 

  • Jablonski N, Frost S (2010) Cercopithecoidea. In: Werdelin L, Sanders WJ (eds) Cenozoic mammals of Africa. University of California Press, Berkeley, pp 393–428

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins KEH (2011) Predation on early Miocene primates: Proconsul, Dendropithecus, and Limnopithecus from Rusinga Island, Kenya. Am J Phys Anthropol 144(S52):178

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalb JE (1995) Fossil elephantoids, Awash paleolake basins, and the Afar triple junction. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 114:357–368

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirjksman WF, Hilgen J, Raffi I, Sierros FJ, Wilson DS (1999) Chronology, causes and progression of the Messinian salinity crisis. Nature 400:652–655

    Google Scholar 

  • Leakey MG, Harris JM (2003) Lothagam: its significance and contributions. In: Leakey MG, Harris JM (eds) Lothagam: the dawn of humanity in Eastern Africa. Columbia University Press, New York, pp 625–659

    Google Scholar 

  • Leakey MG, Feibel CS, McDougall I, Walker A (1995) New four-million-year-old hominid species from Kanapoi and Allia Bay, Kenya. Nature 376:565–571

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leakey MG, Spoor F, Brown FH, Gathogo PN, Kiarie C, Leakey LN, McDougall I (2001) New hominin genus from eastern Africa shows diverse middle Pliocene lineages. Nature 410:433–440

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levin N, Simpson SW, Quade J, Cerling T, Frost SR (2008) Herbivore enamel carbon isotopic composition and the environmental context of Ardipithecus at Gona, Ethiopia. Geol Soc Am Spec Pap 446:215–234

    Google Scholar 

  • Lordkipanidze D, Ponce de León MS, Margvelashvili A, Rak Y, Rightmire GP, Vekua A, Zollikofer CPE (2013) A complete skull from Dmanisi, Georgia, and the evolutionary biology of early Homo. Science 342:326–331

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martínez K, Garcia J, Carbonell E, Agustí J, Bahain J-J, Blain H-A, Burjachs F, Cáceres I, Duval M, Falguères C, Gómez M, Huguet R (2010) A new Lower Pleistocene archeological site in Europe (Vallparadís, Barcelona, Spain). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107:5762–5767

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martínez-Navarro M (2010) Early Pleistocene faunas of Eurasia and hominin dispersals. In: Fleagle JG, Shea JJ, Grine FE, Baden AL, Leakey RE (eds) Out of Africa I: the first hominin colonisation of Eurasia. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 207–224

    Google Scholar 

  • Martínez-Navarro B, Palmqvist P (1995) Presence of the African machairodont Megantereon whitei (Broom, 1937) (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae) in the Lower Pleistocene site of Venta Micena (Orce, Granada, Spain), with some considerations on the origin, evolution and dispersal of the genus. J Archaeol Sci 22:569–582

    Google Scholar 

  • Martínez-Navarro B, Palmqvist P (1996) Presence of the African saber-toothed felid Megantereon whitei (Broom, 1937) (Mammalia, Carnivora, Machairodontinae) in Apollonia-1 (Mygdonia Basin, Macedonia, Greece). J Archaeol Sci 23:869–872

    Google Scholar 

  • McPherron SP, Alemseged Z, Marean CW, Wynn JG, Reed D, Geraads D, Bobe R, Béarat HA (2010) Evidence for stone-tool-assisted consumption of animal tissues before 3.39 million years ago at Dikika, Ethiopia. Nature 466:857–860

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mithen S, Reed M (2002) Stepping out: a computer simulation of hominid dispersal from Africa. J Hum Evol 43:433–462

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morales J, Pickford M, Soria D, Fraile S (1998) New carnivores from the basal Middle Miocene of Arrisdrift, Namibia. Eclogae Geol Helv 91:27–40

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Regan HJ (2008) The Iberian peninsula – corridor or cul-de-sac? Mammalian faunal change and possible routes of dispersal in the last 2 million years. Q Sci Rev 27:2136–2144

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Regan H, Bishop L, Lamb A, Elton S, Turner A (2006) Afro-Eurasian mammalian dispersions of the late Pliocene and early Pleistocene, and their bearing on earliest hominin movements. Cour Forsch Senckenberg 256:305–314

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Regan HJ, Turner A, Bishop LC, Elton S, Lamb A (2011) Hominins without fellow travellers? First appearances and inferred dispersals of Afro-Eurasian large-mammals in the Plio-Pleistocene. Q Sci Rev 30:1343–1352

    Google Scholar 

  • Oms O, Parés JM, Martínez-Navarro B, Agusti J, Toro I, Martinez-Fernández G, Turq A (2000) Early human occupation of Western Europe: paleomagnetic dates for two paleolithic sites in Spain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:10666–10670

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Palmqvist P, Torregrosa V, Pérez-Claros JA, Martínez-Navarro B, Turner A (2007) A Re-evaluation of the diversity of Megantereon (Mammalia, Carnivora, Machairodontinae) and the problem of species identification in extinct carnivores. J Vertebr Palaeontol 21:160–175

    Google Scholar 

  • Petraglia MD (2003) The Lower Paleolithic of the Arabian Peninsula: occupations, adaptations and dispersals. J World Prehist 17:141–179

    Google Scholar 

  • Petraglia MD, Alsharekh A (2004) The Middle Palaeolithic of Arabia: implications for modern human origins, behaviour and dispersals. Antiquity 78:671–684

    Google Scholar 

  • Pickering R, Dirks PHGM, Jinnah Z, de Ruiter DJ, Churchill SE, Herries AIR, Woodhead JD, Hellstrom JC, Berger LR (2011) Australopithecus sediba at 1.977 Ma and implications for the origins of the genus Homo. Science 333:1421–1423

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Preusser F (2009) Chronology of the impact of Quaternary climate change on continental environments in the Arabian Peninsula. C R Geosci 341:621–632

    Google Scholar 

  • Pritchard JM (1979) Landform and landscape in Africa. Edward Arnold, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Radulesco C, Samson P (1990) The Plio-Pleistocene mammalian succession of the Oltet Valley, Dacic Basin, Romania. Quartärpaläontologie 8:225–232

    Google Scholar 

  • Raynal JP, Sbihi Alaoui FZ, Geraads D, Magoga L, Mohi A (2001) The earliest occupation of North-Africa: the Moroccan perspective. Q Int 75:65–75

    Google Scholar 

  • Roebroeks W (2001) Hominid behaviour and the earliest occupation of Europe: an exploration. J Hum Evol 41:437–461

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rögl F (1999) Mediterranean and Paratethys palaeogeography during the Oligocene and Miocene. In: Agusti Rook J, Andrews P (eds) The evolution of terrestrial ecosystems in Europe. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 8–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Rohling EJ, Fenton M, Jorisson FJ, Bertrand P, Garissen G, Caulet JP (1998) Magnitudes of sea-level lowstands of the past 500,000 years. Nature 394:162–165

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rolland N (1998) The Lower Palaeolithic settlement of Eurasia, with special reference to Europe. In: Petraglia MD, Korisettar R (eds) Early human behaviour in global context. Routledge, London, pp 187–220

    Google Scholar 

  • Rook L, Martínez-Navarro B, Howell FC (2004) Occurrence of Theropithecus sp. in the Late Villafranchian of Southern Italy and implication for Early Pleistocene “out of Africa” dispersals. J Hum Evol 47:267–277

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sahnouni M, van der Made J (2009) The Oldowan in North Africa within a biochronological framework. In: Schick K, Toth N (eds) The cutting edge: new approaches to the archaeology of human origin. Stone Age Institute Press, Gosport, pp 179–210

    Google Scholar 

  • Seiffert E, Simons EL, Fleagle JG, Godinot M (2010) Paleogene anthropoids. In: Werdelin L, Sanders WJ (eds) Cenozoic mammals of Africa. University of California Press, Berkeley, pp 369–391

    Google Scholar 

  • Semaw S, Rogers MJ, Quade J, Renne PR, Butler RF, Dominguez-Rodrigo M, Stout S, Hart WS, Pickering T, Simpson SW (2003) 2.6-Million-year-old stone tools and associated bones from OGS-6 and OGS-7, Gona, Afar, Ethiopia. J Hum Evol 45:169–177

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Semaw S, Simpson SW, Quade J, Renne PR, Butler RF, McIntosh WC, Levin N, Dominguez-Rodrigo M, Rogers M (2005) Early Pliocene hominids from Gona, Ethiopia. Nature 433:301–305

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Senut B, Pickford M, Gommery D, Mein P, Cheboi K, Coppens Y (2001) First hominid from the Miocene (Lukeino Formation, Kenya). C R Acad Sci Paris 332:137–144

    Google Scholar 

  • Sickenberg O (1967) Die unterpleistozäne Fauna von Wolaks (Griechenland-Mazedonien). I. Eine neue Giraffe (Macedonitherium martinii nov. gen., nov. spec.) aus dem unteren Pleistozäne von Griechenland. Ann de Géol Pays Helléniques 18:34–54

    Google Scholar 

  • Solounias N, Plavcan JM, Quade J, Witmer L (1999) The paleocecology of the Pikermian biome and the savanna myth. In: Agustí J, Rook L, Andrews P (eds) Hominoid evolution and climatic change in Europe, vol 1, The evolution of Neogene terrestrial ecosystems in Europe. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 436–453

    Google Scholar 

  • Strauss LG (2001) Africa and Iberia in the Pleistocene. Q Int 75:91–102

    Google Scholar 

  • Tabuce R, Asher RJ, Lehmann T (2008) Afrotherian mammals: a review of current data. Mammalia 72:2–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Tabuce R, Marivaux L, LeBrun R, Adaci M, Bensalah M, Fabre PH, Fara E, Rodrigues HG, Hautier L, Jaeger J-J, Lazzari V, Mebrouk F, Peigné S, Sudre J, Tafforeau P, Valentin X, Mahboubi M (2009) Anthropoid versus strepsirhine status of the African Eocene primates Algeripithecus and Azibius: craniodental evidence. Proc R Soc B 276:4087–4094

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tchernov E (1992) Eurasian-African biotic exchanges through the Levantine corridor during the Neogene and Quaternary. In: von Koenigswald W, Werdelin L (eds) Mammalian migration and dispersal events in the European Quaternary, vol 153. Courier Forschung-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt am Mein, pp 103–23

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas H, Gerrards D, Janjou D, Vaslet D, Memesh A, Billiou D, Bocherens H, Dobigny G, Eisenmann V, Gayet M, de Lapparent de Broin F, Petter G, Halawani M (1998) First Pleistocene faunas from the Arabian Peninsula: an Nafud desert, Saudi Arabia (Découverte des premières faunes pléistocènes de la péninsule arabique dans le désert du Nafoud, Arabie Saoudite). C R Acad Sci Paris 326:145–152

    Google Scholar 

  • Toro-Moyano I, Martínez-Navarro B, Agustí J, Souday C, Bermúdez de Castro JM, Martinón-Torres M, Farfardo B, Duval M, Falguères C, Oms O, Parés JM, Anadón P, Julià R, García-Aguilar JM, Moigne A-M, Espigares MP, Ros-Montoya S, Palmqvist P (2013) The oldest human fossil in Europe, from Orce (Spain). J Hum Evol 65:1–9

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Turner A (1995) Plio-Pleistocene correlations between climatic change and evolution in terrestrial mammals: the 2.5 Ma event in Africa and Europe. Acta Zool Cracov 38:45–58

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner A (1999a) Evolution in the African Plio-Pleistocene mammalian fauna. In: Bromage T, Schrenk F (eds) African biogeography, climatic change and early hominid evolution. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 369–399

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner A (1999b) Assessing earliest human settlement of Eurasia: Late Pliocene dispersions from Africa. Antiquity 73:563–570

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner A, Antón M (1999) Climate and evolution: implications of some extinction patterns in African and European machairodontine cats of the Plio-Pleistocene. Estud Geol 54:209–230

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner A, Antón M (2004) Evolving Eden. An illustrated guide to the evolution of the African large mammal fauna. Columbia University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner A, Paterson HEH (1991) Species and speciation: evolutionary tempo and mode in the fossil record reconsidered. Geobios 24:761–769

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner A, Wood B (1993) Taxonomic and geographic diversity in robust australopithecines and other African Plio-Pleistocene mammals. J Hum Evol 24:147–168

    Google Scholar 

  • Vignaud P, Duringer P, Mackaye HT, Likius A, Blondel C, Boisserie JR, de Bonis L, Eisenmann V, Etienne ME, Geraads D, Guy F, Lehmann T, Lihoreau F, Lopez-Martinez N, Mourer-Chauvire C, Otero O, Rage JC, Schuster M, Viriot L, Zazzo A, Brunet M (2002) Geology and palaeontology of the Upper Miocene Toros-Menalla hominid locality, Chad. Nature 418:152–155

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Villa P (2001) Early Italy and the colonization of Western Europe. Q Int 75:113–130

    Google Scholar 

  • Vrba ES (1995) The fossil record of African antelopes (Mammalia, Bovidae) in relation to human evolution and paleoclimate. In: Vrba ES, Denton GH, Partridge TC, Burckle LH (eds) Paleoclimate and evolution with emphasis on human origins. Yale University Press, New Haven, pp 385–424

    Google Scholar 

  • Werdelin L, Turner A (1996) The fossil and living Hyaenidae of Africa: present status. In: Stewart K, Seymour K (eds) The palaeoecology and palaeoenvironments of Late Cenozoic mammals: tributes to the career of C.S. Churcher. Toronto University Press, Toronto, pp 637–659

    Google Scholar 

  • White TD (1995) African omnivores: global climatic change and Plio-Pleistocene hominids and suids. In: Vrba ES, Denton GH, Partridge TC, Burckle LH (eds) Paleoclimate and evolution with emphasis on human origins. Yale University Press, New Haven, pp 369–385

    Google Scholar 

  • White TD, Suwa G, Asfaw B (1994) Australopithecus ramidus, a new species of early hominid from Aramis, Ethiopia. Nature 371:306–312

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • White TD, Suwa G, Asfaw B (1995) Australopithecus ramidus, a new species of early hominid from Aramis, Ethiopia. Corrigendum. Nature 375:88

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • White TD, WoldeGabriel G, Asfaw B, Ambrose S, Beyene Y, Bernor RL, Boisserie J-R, Currie B, Gilbert H, Haile-Selassie Y, Hart WK, Hlusko K, Howell FC, Kono RT, Lehmann T, Louchart A, Lovejoy CO, Renne PR, Saegusa H, Vrba ES, Wesselman H, Suwa G (2006) Asa Issie, Aramis and the origin of Australopithecus. Nature 440:883–889

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Whybrow PJ, Clements D (1999) Arabian Tertiary fauna, flora, and localities. In: Whybrow PJ, Hill A (eds) Fossil vertebrates of Arabia. Yale University Press, New Haven, pp 460–473

    Google Scholar 

  • WoldeGabriel G, White TD, Suwa G, Renne P, de Heinzelin J, Heiken WK (1994) Ecological and temporal placement of early Pliocene homininds at Aramis, Ethiopia. Nature 371:330–333

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wood BA (1991) Koobi Fora research project, vol 4, Hominid cranial remains. Clarendon, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood BA (1992) Origin and evolution of the genus Homo. Nature 355:783–790

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wood B, Baker J (2011) Evolution in the genus Homo. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 42:47–69

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood BA, Collard M (1999) The human genus. Science 284:65–71

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu RX, Potts R, Xie F, Hoffman KA, Deng CL, Shi CD, Pan YX, Wang HQ, Shi RP, Wang YC, Shi GH, Wu NQ (2004) New evidence on the earliest human presence at high northern latitudes in northeast Asia. Nature 431:559–562

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hannah O’Regan .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this entry

Cite this entry

Turner, A., O’Regan, H. (2013). Zoogeography : Primate and Early Hominin Distribution and Migration Patterns. In: Henke, W., Tattersall, I. (eds) Handbook of Paleoanthropology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27800-6_15-3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27800-6_15-3

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-27800-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference Biomedicine and Life SciencesReference Module Biomedical and Life Sciences

Publish with us

Policies and ethics