Introduction
The taxonomy of the romantic heroine in the Braj poetry is extended and elaborated. The nomenclature employed for each kind is descriptive and far beyond the regular, hackneyed girlfriend, lover, beloved, sweetheart, and darling type. The Braj poetic expressions not only inform us about romantic or sexual relationship between two lovers, married or unmarried, but also express their psychological states of mind. The taxonomy follows a pattern that was well established in the Bhagavata and Gita Govinda and further mastered and reached to its perfection in the hands of Keshavdas and others. The Braj poetic expressions also reflect the religious overtone in its backdrop. The Hindu god and goddess, i.e., Krishna, Radha, and Gopis, are actually metaphors for lovers and beloved. This chapter focuses on the psychological and religious aspects of the romantic heroine and analyzes her moods, manipulation, persona, and psyche enveloped in the Braj poetry.
Discussion
The Sanskrit...
Bibliography
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Appendices
Appendix 1
Sr. No. | Taxonomy of heroine | Description |
---|---|---|
1 | Svakiya | A married woman totally dedicated to her husband |
2 | Mugdha | A heroine who is growing up from a child to a youth and who is more shy than romantic |
3 | Ajnatyauvana | A heroine who is unaware of the changes in body as she grows up |
4 | Navodha | A young, inexperienced heroine who is shy of romantic pleasures |
5 | Vishrabdha Navodha | A newly married heroine who gradually comes to trust her husband and loses her inhibition and feels romantically drawn to him |
6 | Madhya | A heroine who has an equal measure of shyness and romance |
7 | Praudha | A heroine who has lost her inhibition and is well versed in the arts of romance |
8 | Gupta | A heroine who hides her love for her beloved |
9 | Parakiya | A heroine who is married to one but loves another man |
10 | Vidagdha | A heroine who cleverly sends signals of her love to her beloved |
11 | Lakshita | A heroine whose love has been made public |
12 | Kulata | A heroine who has multiple romantic liaisons |
13 | Anushayana | A heroine who is distressed and falls asleep while waiting for her beloved to arrive |
14 | Mudita | A heroine who is excited when her beloved comes unexpectedly |
15 | Samanya | A heroine who is free with her love and is involved with many men |
16 | Anyasambhogdukhita | A heroine who is saddened when she sees marks of love caused by another woman on her beloved |
17 | Garvita | A heroine who is proud of her beauty and her love |
18 | Manvati | A heroine who finds her beloved guilty and feels angry |
19 | Proshitapatika | A heroine who is saddened when she hears that her beloved is going abroad on business |
20 | Kalahantarita | A heroine who fights and insults her beloved but who repents after he has left |
21 | Khandita | A heroine who is jealous when she sees her beloved return in the morning after he has spent the night with another woman |
22 | Vipralabdha | A heroine who is distressed when her beloved does not come to the appointed tryst |
23 | Utkanthita | A heroine who expectantly waits for her beloved |
24 | Svadhinapatika | A heroine whose beloved is totally dedicated to her |
25 | Abhisarika | A heroine who leaves her home in the middle of the night, ignoring various perils, to meet her beloved |
Appendix 2
Sr. No. | Poets | Major works |
---|---|---|
1 | Udaynath Kavindra | Vinodchadrika and Rasachanrodaya |
2 | Karan Bhatt | Sahityachandrika; Rasakallol; Kavyodaya; Rasa Ullas |
3 | Kalidas Trivedi | Janjira; Vadhuvinod; Hajara |
4 | Kashiram | Kanakmanjari; Parshuram Samvad; Kavitt Kashiram |
5 | Gurudutt Sinh Bhupati | Rasaratna; Bhupati Sat Sai; Rasadipaka |
6 | Gwal | Bhaktbhavan; Vijayvinod; Hamirhattatha; Rasikananda; Sahityaananda; Rasrang; Kavidarpana |
7 | Chadrashekhar Vajpeyi | Hamirhath; Rasikvinod; Nakhashikh; Vrindavan Shatak; Haribhakti Vilas |
8 | Chintamani Tripathi | Pingal; Kavittvichar; Kavikulalakpataru; Shringar Manjari |
9 | Jagat Sinh | Ratnamanjari Kosh; Rasmrugank; Alankarasathidarpana; Uttammanjari; Chitramimsa; Jagatvilas; Nakhshikha; Bharatikantahbharan; Sahityasudhanidhi |
10 | Jaswant Sinh | Shringarshiromani |
11 | Tosh | Sudhanidhi |
12 | Datta | Lalityalata; Sajjanvilas; Svarodaya |
13 | Dev | Rasvilas; Bhavavilas; Kavyarasayan; Devmayaprapanch; Premchandrika; Sukhsagartarang |
14 | Dwijadev | Shringaralatika; Shringarabattisi; Shringarachalisi |
15 | Nandram | Shringaradarpana |
16 | Nagaridas | Nagarsamuchhaya |
17 | Nilkanth | Amreshvilas |
18 | Pajnes | Alankarratnakar |
19 | Padmakar | Jagadvinod; Padmabharan; Prabodhpachasa; Gangalahiri |
20 | Puhakar | Rasratna |
21 | Pukhi | Alankar Ratnakar |
22 | Pratap Sinh | Jay Sinhprakash; Alankarachintamani; Vyangarthakaumudi; Shringaramanjari; Shringarashiromani; Kavyavinod; Rasrajtilak; Ratnachandrika |
23 | Pravinrai | Kavipriya |
24 | Baldev Awasthi Dvij | Shringarsudhakar; Shrngarsaroj |
25 | Beni | Rasmay |
26 | Beni Pravin | Navarasatarang |
27 | Bodha | Ishkanama |
28 | Bhikaridas | Rassaransh; Shringaranirnaya; Kavyanirnaya |
29 | Manchit | Krishnayan; Surabhidanalila |
30 | Makarand | Alankararatnakar; Makarandvani |
31 | Matiram | Rasraj; Lalitlalam; Satsai; Alankarapanchashiksha |
32 | Makhan | Basantmanjari |
33 | Mubarak | Alakshatak |
34 | Raskhan | Premvatika; Sujan Raskhan; Danlila |
35 | Lal | Rasmul |
36 | Vikramsahi | Vikramsatsai |
37 | Shambhunath Mishra | Rasatarangini; Alankardipak; Rasakallol; Brahmarshatak |
38 | Shiv | Rasikvilas; Alankarbhushan; Pingal |
39 | Shobhnath | Navalrasachandrodaya |
40 | Shripati | Kavyasaroj; Kavyasudhakar; Anupras |
41 | Sukhdev Mishra | Nakhashikarasarnava; Jnanaprakash; Rasaratnakar; Chandvichar; Vrittivichar |
42 | Sunder | Shringara |
43 | Senapati | kaviratnakar |
44 | Sevak Bandijan | Barvai Nakhshishk; Vagvilas |
45 | Somnath | Rasapiyushnidhi; Raspanchadhyayi; Sujanvilas; Madhav Vinod; Dhruvacharitra; Brajendravinod |
46 | Harinath | Alankar Darpana |
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Dwivedi, A.V. (2019). Braj Poetry. In: Leeming, D. (eds) Encyclopedia of Psychology and Religion. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27771-9_200247-1
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