This genus which belongs to the family of Gnathostomidae Gnathostoma spinigerum comprises about 10 valid species which are limited primarily to marine and freshwater stingrays. Recently, E. carpiae was described in the carp Cyprinus carpio in Egypt. The adult worms are rather small reaching at the maximum only 5–6 mm in males and 5–8 mm in females in some species (e.g., E. daileyi in Potamotrygon circularis) but may also be tiny as it is in E. carpiae (♂ = 0.8 mm; ♀ = 0.9–1 mm).
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Further Reading
Abdel-Ghaffar F et al (2013) Morphological and phylogenetic analysis of Echinocephalus carpiae. Parasitol Res 112:4021–4028
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Mehlhorn, H. (2015). Echinocephalus Species. In: Mehlhorn, H. (eds) Encyclopedia of Parasitology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27769-6_4973-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27769-6_4973-1
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