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Tsunami Sedimentology

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Abbreviations

Closure depth:

Is a key parameter in coastal processes and marks the limit where waves interact with sea bottom sediments.

Cross-lamination:

An arrangement of strata that are locally inclined at some angle to the overall planar orientation of the stratification.

Heavy minerals:

Minerals with a density above 2.9 g/cm3.

Laminae :

Thin layer of sediment or sedimentary rock.

Loading structures:

Deformation sediment structure formed during soft-sediment deformation due to overlying weight.

Microtextures:

Microscopic imprints in the surface of sediment grains. Typically analyzed after observation under the scanning electron microscope that allows significant magnifications of the grains.

Mud drapes:

Sedimentation of fine sediments on top of coarser layers occurring only under low-flow conditions.

Normal grading:

Fining-upward sequence with coarser sediments at the base progressively becoming finer to the top.

Parallel lamination or horizontal lamination:

Unit or layer typically with a horizontal base and parallel overlaying laminae.

Rip-up clasts:

(Typically fine) material eroded from the underlying layers and incorporated in the (tsunamigenic or storm) deposits.

Sediment structures:

Macroscopic three-dimensional features of sedimentary rocks or sediments recording processes occurring during deposition or between deposition and lithification. Their recognition and application are relevant in the definition of depositional environments, fabric, history, or surface processes. Primary sedimentary structures occur in clastic sediments and produced by the same processes (waves, currents, etc.) that caused deposition and includes plane bedding and cross-bedding. Secondary sedimentary structures are caused by postdepositional processes, including biogenic, chemical, and mechanical disruption of sediment.

Sedimentology:

Field of earth sciences studying sediments and/or sedimentary rocks and the processes responsible for their formation.

Tsunami:

Gravity wave system following a large-scale disturbance of the sea surface. This disturbance is caused by a vertical displacement of the water column as a result of an earthquake, landslide, volcanic event, or meteor impact. Tsunami waves are characterized by its long wave length and high velocity (in deeper ocean).

Tsunami deposit:

Sedimentary evidence detected in coastal stratigraphy resulting from tsunami inundation and its associated sediment transport and deposition.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto D. Luiz and Departamento de Geologia da Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências da, Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C6, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal

    Pedro J. M. Costa

  2. Geography, School of Social Sciences, University of Dundee, Tower Building, Nethergate, DD1 4HN, Dundee, Scotland, UK

    S. Dawson

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    Robert A. Meyers

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Costa, P.J.M., Dawson, S. (2015). Tsunami Sedimentology. In: Meyers, R. (eds) Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27737-5_646-1

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