Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Improvement of Nutraceutical Value of Food by Plant Symbionts

  • Reference work entry
  • First Online:
Natural Products

Abstract

Consumers and producers have recently shown an increasing interest in health-promoting properties of plant fresh foods, which are currently considered “functional foods.” They contain phytochemicals playing a key role in promoting human health by reducing oxidative damages, modulating detoxifying enzymes, stimulating the immune system, and showing chemopreventive actions. Recent findings revealed that the content and composition of phytochemicals in fresh fruit and vegetables is greatly affected by plant genotype, harvest season, soil quality, and agronomic and environmental factors, including mycorrhizal symbioses established by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) with most crop plants. AMF promote plant growth and health and reduce the need of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, leading to less environmental damage and to improved food quality and health. They also enhance the biosynthesis of plant secondary metabolites with health-promoting activities, such as polyphenols, carotenoids, flavonoids, phytoestrogens, and activity of several antioxidant enzymes. Recent studies reported a higher nutraceutical value in mycorrhizal globe artichoke and tomato, two plant species largely cultivated for human consumption, suggesting that AMF inoculation may represent a suitable biotechnological tool to be implemented in agri-food chains aimed at producing safe and healthy food.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 2,999.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 549.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Williams C (1995) Healthy eating: clarifying advice about fruit and vegetables. Br Med J 310:1453–1455

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Slattery ML, Benson J, Curtin K, Ma KN, Shaeffer D, Potter JD (2000) Carotenoids and colon cancer. Am J Clin Nutr 71:575–582

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Kaur C, Kapoor HC (2001) Antioxidants in fruits and vegetables – the millennium’s health. Int J Food Sci Technol 36:703–725

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Serafini M, Bellocco R, Wolk A, Ekström AM (2002) Total antioxidant potential of fruit and vegetables and risk of gastric cancer. Gastroenterology 123:985–991

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Surh YJ (2003) Cancer chemoprevention with dietary phytochemicals. Nat Rev Cancer 3:768–780

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Johnson IT (2007) Phytochemicals and cancer. Proc Nutr Soc 67:207–215

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Liu RH (2003) Health benefits of fruit and vegetables are from additive and synergistic combinations of phytochemicals. Am J Clin Nutr 78:517S–520S

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Ferrari CKB, Torres EAFS (2003) Biochemical pharmacology of functional foods and prevention of chronic disease of aging. Biomed Pharmacother 57:251–260

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Garcia-Alonso M, de Pascual-Teresa S, Santos-Buelga C, Rivas-Gonzalo JC (2004) Evaluation of the antioxidant properties of fruits. Food Chem 84:13–18

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Rice-Evans CA, Halliwell B, Lunt GG (1995) Free radicals and oxidative stress: environment, drugs and food additives. Portland Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  11. Kahkonen MP, Hopia AI, Vuorela HY, Rauha JP, Pihlaja K, Kujala TS, Heinonen M (1999) Antioxidant activity of plant extract containing phenolic compounds. J Agric Food Chem 47:3954–3962

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Balsano C, Alisi A (2003) Antioxidant effects of natural bioactive compounds. Curr Pharm Des 15:3063–3073

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Lampe JW (1999) Health effects of vegetables and fruit: assessing mechanisms of action in human experimental studies. Am J Clin Nutr 63:475S–490S

    Google Scholar 

  14. Niwa T, Swaneck G, Bradlow HL (1994) Alteration in estradiol metabolism in MCF-7 cells induced by treatment with indole-3-carbinolo and related compounds. Steroids 59:523–530

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Collins BM, McLachlan JA, Arnold SF (1997) The estrogenic and antiestrogenic activities of phytochemicals with the human estrogen receptor expressed in yeast. Steroids 62:365–372

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Kubena KS, McMurray DN (1996) Nutrition and the immune system: a review of the nutrient interactions. J Am Diet Assoc 115:6–64

    Google Scholar 

  17. Ankri S, Mirelman D (1999) Antimicrobial properties of allicin from garlic. Microbes Infect 2:125–129

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Rice-Evans CA, Miller NJ, Paganga G (1996) Free radicals and oxidative stress: environment, drugs and food additives. Free Radical Bio Med 20:933–956

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Duthie SJ (2000) Plant polyphenols in cancer and heart disease: implications as nutritional antioxidants. Nutr Res Rev 13:79–106

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Boudet AM (2007) Evolution and current status of research in phenolic compounds. Phytochemistry 68:2722–2735

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Tham DM (1998) Potential health benefits of dietary phytoestrogens: a review of clinical, epidemiological and mechanistic evidence. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:2223–2235

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Lund E (2003) Non-nutritive bioactive constituents of plants: dietary sources and health benefits of glucosinolates. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 73:135–143

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Shapiro TA (2001) Chemoprotective glucosinolates and isothiocyanates of broccoli sprouts: metabolism and excretion in humans. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 10:501–508

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Talalay P, Fahey JW (2001) Phytochemicals from cruciferous plants protect against cancer by modulating carcinogen metabolism. J Nutr 131:3027S–3033S

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Johnson IT (2002) Glucosinolates: bioavailability and importance to health. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 71:26–31

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Nestel PJ (2003) Isoflavones: their effects on cardiovascular and functions. Curr Opin Lipidol 14:13–18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Araldi EM, Dell'Aica I, Sogno I, Lorusso G, Garbisa S, Albini A (2008) Natural and synthetic agents targeting inflammation and angiogenesis for chemoprevention of prostate cancer. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 8:146–155

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Vannini N, Lorusso G, Cammarota R, Barberis M, Noonan DM, Sporn MB, Albini A (2007) The synthetic oleanane triterpenoid, CDDO-methyl ester, is a potent antiangiogenic agent. Mol Cancer Ther 6:3139–3146

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Fassina G, Venè R, Morini M, Minghelli S, Benelli R, Noonan DM, Albini A (2004) Mechanisms of inhibition of tumor angiogenesis and vascular tumor growth by epigallocatechin-3-gallate. Clin Cancer Res 10:4865–4873

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Bachmeier B, Nerlich AG, Iancu CM, Cilli M, Schleicher E, Vené R, Dell'Eva R, Jochum M, Albini A, Pfeffer U (2007) The chemopreventive polyphenol Curcumin prevents hematogenous breast cancer metastases in immunodeficient mice. Cell Physiol Biochem 19:137–152

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Monteghirfo S, Tosetti F, Ambrosini C, Stigliani S, Pozzi S, Frassoni F, Fassina G, Soverini S, Albini A, Ferrari N (2008) Antileukemia effects of xanthohumol in Bcr/Abl-transformed cells involve nuclear factor-kappaB and p53 modulation. Mol Cancer Ther 7:2692–2702

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Dell'Aica I, Niero R, Piazza F, Cabrelle A, Sartor L, Colalto C, Brunetta E, Lorusso G, Benelli R, Albini A, Calabrese F, Agostini C, Garbisa S (2007) Hyperforin blocks neutrophil activation of matrix metalloproteinase-9, motility and recruitment, and restrains inflammation-triggered angiogenesis and lung fibrosis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 321:492–500

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Oak MH, Chataigneau M, Keravis T, Chataigneau T, Beretz A, Andriantsitohaina R, Stoclet JC, Chang SJ, Schini-Kerth VB (2003) Red wine polyphenolic compounds inhibit vascular endothelial growth factor expression in vascular smooth muscle cells by preventing the activation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 23:1001–1007

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Scalbert A, Williamson G (2000) Dietary intake and bioavailability of polyphenols. J Nutr 130:2073S–2085S

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Manach CM, Scalbert A, Morand C, Rémésy C, Jiménez L (2004) Polyphenols: food sources and bioavailability. Am J Clin Nutr 79:727–747

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Holst B, Williamson G (2008) Nutrients and phytochemicals: from bioavailability to bioefficacy beyond antioxidants. Curr Opin Biotechnol 19:73–82

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Dornstauder E, Jisa E, Unterrieder I, Krenn L, Kubelka W, Jungbauer A (2001) Estrogenic activity of two standardized red clover extracts (Menoflavon) intended for large scale use in hormone replacement therapy. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 78:67–75

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Buck K, Zaineddin AK, Vrieling A, Linseisen J, Chang-Claude J (2010) Meta-analyses of lignans and enterolignans in relation to breast cancer risk. Am J Clin Nutr 92:141–153

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Ososki AL, Kennelly EJ (2003) Phytoestrogens: a review of the present state of research. Phytother Res 17:845–869

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Marinangeli CPF, Jones PJH (2011) Whole and fractionated yellow pea flours reduce fasting insulin and insulin resistance in hypercholesterolaemic and overweight human subjects. Br J Nutr 105:110–117

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Moutsatsou P (2007) The spectrum of phytoestrogens in nature: our knowledge is expanding. Hormones (Athens) 6:173–193

    Google Scholar 

  42. D’Incalci M, Steward WP, Gescher AJ (2005) Use of cancer chemopreventive phytochemicals as antineoplastic agents. Lancet Oncol 6:899–904

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Thomasset SC, Berry DP, Garcea G, Garcea G, Marczylo T, Steward WP, Gescher AJ (2006) Dietary polyphenolic phytochemicals – promising cancer chemopreventive agents in humans? A review of their clinical properties. Int J Cancer 120:451–458

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Pinto B, Bertoli A, Noccioli C, Garritano S, Reali D, Pistelli L (2008) Estradiol-antagonistic activity of phenolic compounds from leguminous plants. Phytother Res 22:362–366

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Wink M (1988) Plant breeding: importance of plant secondary metabolites for protection against pathogens and herbivores. Theor Appl Genet 75:225–233

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Pardossi A, Giacomet P, Malorgio F, Marinone Albini F, Murelli C, Serra G, Vernieri P, Tognoni F (2000) The influence of growing season on fruit yield and quality of greenhouse melon (Cucumis melo L.) grown in nutrient film technique in a Mediterranean climate. J Horticult Sci Biotechnol 75:488–493

    Google Scholar 

  47. Servili M, Esposto S, Lodolini E, Selvaggini R, Taticchi A, Urbani S, Montedoro G, Serravalle M, Gucci R (2007) Irrigation effects on quality, phenolic composition, and selected volatiles of virgin olive oils Cv. Leccino. J Agric Food Chem 55:6609–6618

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Tomas-Barberan FA, Gil MI (eds) (2008) Improving the health-promoting properties of fruit and vegetable products. CRC Press, Boca Raton

    Google Scholar 

  49. Niggeweg R, Michael A, Martin C (2004) Engineering plants with increased levels of the antioxidant chlorogenic acid. Nat Biotechnol 22:746–754

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Poiroux-Gonord F, Bidel LP, Fanciullino AL, Gautier H, Lauri-Lopez F, Urban L (2010) Health benefits of vitamins and secondary metabolites of fruits and vegetables and prospects to increase their concentrations by agronomic approaches. J Agric Food Chem 58:12065–12082

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Wu X, Beercher GR, Holden JM, Haytowitz DB, Gebhardt SE, Prior RL (2004) Lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidant capacities of common foods in the United States. J Agric Food Chem 52:4026–4037

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Leonardi C, Ambrosino P, Esposito F, Fogliano V (2000) Antioxidative activity and carotenoid and tomatine contents in different typologies of fresh consumption tomatoes. J Agric Food Chem 48:4723–4727

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Johnston CS, Ordman AB, Levine M, Daruwala R, Wang Y, Park J, Rumsey SC (1999) Recommendations for vitamin C intake. J Am Med Assoc 282:2118–2119

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Huang HW, Wang Y, Zhang ZH, Jiang ZW, Wang SM (2004) Actinidia germplasm resources and kiwifruit industry in China. HortScience 39:1165–1172

    Google Scholar 

  55. Kushad MM, Brown AF, Kurilich AC, Juvik JA, Klein BP, Wallig MA, Jeffery EH (1999) Variation of glucosinolates in vegetable crops of Brassica oleracea. J Agric Food Chem 47:1541–1548

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Remorini D, Tavarini S, Degl’innocenti E, Loreti F, Massai R, Guidi L (2008) Effect of rootstocks and harvesting time on the nutritional quality of peel and flesh of peach fruits. Food Chem 110:361–367

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Tavarini S, Degl’Innocenti E, Remorini D, Massai R, Guidi L (2008) Preliminary characterization of peach cultivars for their antioxidant capacity. Int J Food Sci Technol 43:810–815

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Abushita AA, Daood HG, Biacs PA (2000) Change in carotenoids and antioxidant vitamins in tomato as a function of varietal and technological factors. J Agric Food Chem 48:2075–2081

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Stommel JR (2001) USDA97L63, 97L66, and 97L97: tomato breeding lines with high fruit β-carotene content. HortScience 36:387–388

    Google Scholar 

  60. Gil MI, Tomás-Barberán FA, Hess-Pierce B, Kader AA (2002) Antioxidant capacities, phenolic compounds, carotenoids and vitamin C contents of nectarine, peach and plum cultivars from California. J Agric Food Chem 50:4976–4982

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Cevallos-Casals BA, Byrne D, Okie WR, Cisneros-Zevallos L (2006) Selecting new peach and plum genotypes rich in phenolic compounds and enhanced functional properties. Food Chem 96:273–280

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Giuntini D, Graziani G, Lercari B, Fogliano V, Soldatini A, Ranieri A (2005) Changes in carotenoid and ascorbic acid contents in fruits of different tomato genotypes related to depletion of UVB radiation. J Agric Food Chem 53:3174–3181

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Becatti E, Petroni K, Giuntini D, Castagna A, Calvenzani V, Serra G, Mensuali-Sodi A, Tonelli C, Ranieri A (2009) Solar UV−B radiation influences carotenoid accumulation of tomato fruit through both ethylene-dependent and -independent mechanisms. J Agric Food Chem 57:10979–10989

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Esteban MA, Villanueva MJ, Lissarrague JR (2001) Effect of irrigation on changes in the anthocyanin composition of the skin of cv Tempranillo (Vitis vinifera L) grape berries during ripening. J Sci Food Agric 81:409–420

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Servili M, Selvaggini R, Esposto S, Taticchi A, Montedoro GF, Morozzi G (2004) Irrigation effects on quality, phenolic composition, and selected volatiles of virgin olive oils Cv. Leccino. J Chromatogr A 1054:113–127

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. De Pascale S, Maggio A, Fogliano V, Ambrosino P, Ritieni A (2001) Irrigation with saline water improves carotenoids content and antioxidant activity of tomato. J Hortic Sci Biotechnol 76:447–453

    Google Scholar 

  67. D’Amico ML, Izzo R, Tognoni F, Pardossi A, Navari-Izzo F (2003) Application of diluted sea water to soilless culture of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.): effects on plant growth, yield, fruit quality and antioxidant capacity. J Food Agric Environ 1:112–116

    Google Scholar 

  68. Brusick D (1993) Genotoxicity of phenolic antioxidants. Toxicol Ind Health 9:223–230

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Stopper H, Schmitt E, Kobras K (2005) Genotoxicity of phytoestrogens. Mutat Res 574:139–155

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Smith SE, Read DJ (2008) Mycorrhizal symbiosis. Academic, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  71. Giovannetti M, Avio L (2002) Biotechnology of arbuscular mycorrhizas. In: Khachatourians GG, Arora Dilip K (eds) Applied mycology and biotechnology, volume 2, Agriculture and food production. Elsevier, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  72. Jakobsen I, Rosendahl S (1990) Carbon flow into soil and external hyphae from roots of mycorrhizal cucumber plants. New Phytol 115:77–83

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Giovannetti M, Fortuna P, Citernesi AS, Morini S, Nuti MP (2001) The occurrence of anastomosis formation and nuclear exchange in intact arbuscular mycorrhizal networks. New Phytol 151:717–724

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Giovannetti M (2008) Structure, extent and functional significance of belowground arbuscular mycorrhizal networks. In: Varma A (ed) Mycorrhiza. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg

    Google Scholar 

  75. Jakobsen I, Abbott LK, Robson AD (1992) External hyphae of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with Trifolium subterraneum. 1. Spread of hyphae and phosphorus inflow into roots. New Phytol 120:371–380

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Mäder P, Vierheilig H, Streitwolf-Engel R, Boller T, Frey B, Christie P, Wiemken A (2000) Transport of 15N from a soil compartment separated by a polytetrafluoroethylene membrane to plant roots via the hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytol 146:155–161

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Hodge A, Campbell CD, Fitter AH (2001) An arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus accelerates decomposition and acquires nitrogen directly from organic material. Nature 413:297–299

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Smith SE, Smith FA, Jakobsen I (2004) Functional diversity in arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbioses: the contribution of the mycorrhizal P uptake pathway is not correlated with mycorrhizal responses in growth or total P uptake. New Phytol 162:511–524

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Avio L, Pellegrino E, Bonari E, Giovannetti M (2006) Functional diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal isolates in relation to extraradical mycelial networks. New Phytol 172:347–357

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Harrison MJ, van Buuren ML (1995) A phosphate transporter from the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus versiforme. Nature 378:626–629

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Maldonado-Mendoza IE, Dewbre GR, Harrison MJ (2001) A phosphate transporter gene from the extraradical mycelium of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices is regulated in response to phosphate in the environment. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 14:1140–1148

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Govindarajulu M, Pfeffer PE, Hairu J, Abubaker J, Douds DD, Allen JW, Bücking H, Lammers PJ, Shachar-Hill Y (2005) Nitrogen transfer in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Nature 435:819–823

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Karandashov V, Bucher M (2005) Symbiotic phosphate transport in arbuscular mycorrhizas. Trends Plant Sci 10:22–29

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Ling-Lee M, Chilvers GA, Ashford AE (1975) Polyphosphate granules in three different kinds of tree mycorrhiza. New Phytol 75:551–554

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. Callow JA, Capaccio LCM, Parish G, Tinker PB (1978) Detection and estimation of polyphosphate in vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas. New Phytol 80:125–134

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. White JA, Brown MR (1979) Ultrastructure and X-ray analysis of phosphorus granules in a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. Can J Bot 57:2812–2818

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Cox G, Moran KJ, Sanders FE, Nockolds C, Tinker PB (1980) Translocation and transfer of nutrients in vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas III. Polyphosphate granules and phosphorus translocation. New Phytol 84:649–659

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Strullu DG, Gourret JP, Garrec JP, Fourcy A (1981) Ultrastructure and electron-probe microanalysis of the metachromatic vacuolar granules occurring in Taxus mycorrhizas. New Phytol 87:537–545

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Cox G, Sanders FE (1974) Ultrastructure of the host-fungus interface in a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza. New Phytol 73:901–912

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. Cox TS, Tinker PB (1976) Translocation and transfer of nutrients in vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas I. The arbuscule and phosphorus transfer: a quantitative ultrastructural study. New Phytol 77:371–378

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Gianinazzi-Pearson V, Gianinazzi S (1978) Enzymatic studies on the metabolism of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza II. Soluble alkaline phosphatase specific to mycorrhizal infection in onion roots. Physiol Plant Pathol 12:45–53

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Gianinazzi S, Gianinazzi-Pearson V, Dexheimer J (1979) Enzymatic studies on the metabolism of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza. III. Ultrastructural localisation of acid and alkaline phosphatase in onion roots infected with Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.). New Phytol 82:127–132

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Capaccio LCM, Callow JA (1982) The enzymes of polyphosphate metabolism in vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizas. New Phytol 91:81–91

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Marx C, Dexheimer J, Gianinazzi-Pearson V, Gianinazzi S (1982) Enzymatic studies on the metabolism of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza. IV. Ultracytoenzymological evidence (ATPase) for active transfer process in the host-arbuscular interface. New Phytol 90:37–43

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Tisserant B, Gianinazzi-Pearson V, Gianinazzi S, Gollotte A (1993) In planta histochemical staining of fungal alkaline phosphatase activity for analysis of efficient arbuscular mycorrhizal infections. Mycol Res 97:245–250

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Pearson V, Tinker PB (1975) Measurements of phosphorus fluxes in the external hyphae of endomycorrhizas. In: Sanders FE, Mosse B, Tinker PB (eds) Endomycorrhizas. Academic, London

    Google Scholar 

  97. Cooper KM, Tinker PB (1978) Translocation and transfer of nutrients in vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas. II. Uptake and translocation of phosphorus, zinc and sulphur. New Phytol 81:43–52

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Cooper KM, Tinker PB (1981) Translocation and transfer of nutrients in vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas IV. Effect of environmental variables on movement of phosphorous. New Phytol 88:327–339

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Pearson JN, Jakobsen I (1993) Symbiotic exchange of carbon and phosphorus between cucumber and three arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytol 124:481–488

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Logi C, Sbrana C, Giovannetti M (1998) Cellular events involved in survival of individual arbuscular mycorrhizal symbionts growing in the absence of the host. Appl Environ Microbiol 64:3473–3479

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Giovannetti M, Sbrana C, Logi C (2000) Microchambers and video-enhanced light microscopy for monitoring cellular events in living hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Plant Soil 226:153–159

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Sanders FE, Tinker PB (1973) Phosphate flow into mycorrhizal roots. Pestic Sci 4:385–395

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Menge JA, Johnson ELV, Platt RG (1978) Mycorrhizal dependency of several citrus cultivars under three nutrient regimes. New Phytol 81:553–559

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Sparling GP, Tinker PB (1978) Mycorrhizal infection in Pennine grassland II. Effects of mycorrhizal infection on the growth of some upland grasses on γ-irradiated soils. J Appl Ecol 15:951–958

    Article  Google Scholar 

  105. Koide RT, Goff MD, Dickie IA (2000) Component growth efficiencies of mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal plants. New Phytol 148:163–168

    Article  Google Scholar 

  106. Giovannetti M, Sbrana C, Avio L, Strani P (2004) Patterns of below-ground plant interconnections established by means of arbuscular mycorrhizal mycorrhizal networks. New Phytol 164:175–181

    Article  Google Scholar 

  107. Song YY, Zeng RS, Xu JF, Li J, Shen X, Yihdego WG (2010) Interplant communication of tomato plants through underground common mycorrhizal networks. PLoS One 5:e13324

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Fester T, Maier W, Strack D (1999) Accumulation of secondary compounds in barley and wheat roots in response to inoculation with an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and co-inoculation with rhizosphere bacteria. Mycorrhiza 8:241–246

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Fester T, Schmidt D, Lohse S, Walter MH, Giuliano G, Bramley PM, Fraser PD, Hause B, Strack D (2002) Stimulation of carotenoid metabolism in arbuscular mycorrhizal roots. Planta 216:148–154

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Maier W, Schmidt J, Wray V, Walter MH, Strack D (1999) The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus intraradices, induces the accumulation of cyclohexenone derivatives in tobacco roots. Planta 207:620–623

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Larose G, Chenevert R, Moutoglis P, Gagne S, Piche Y, Vierheilig H (2002) Flavonoid levels in roots of Medicago sativa are modulated by the developmental stage of the symbiosis and the root colonizing arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. J Plant Physiol 159:1329–1339

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Schliemann W, Ammer C, Strack D (2008) Metabolic profiling of mycorrhizal roots of Medicago truncatula. Phytochemistry 69:112–146

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. López-Ráez JA, Flors V, García JM, Pozo MJ (2010) AM symbiosis alters phenolic acid content in tomato roots. Plant Signal Behav 5:1138–1140

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Peipp H, Maier W, Schmidt J, Wray V, Strack D (1997) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus-induced changes in the accumulation of secondary compounds in barley roots. Phytochemistry 44:581–587

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Fester T, Strack D, Hause G (2001) Reorganization of tobacco root plastids during arbuscule development. Planta 213:864–868

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Hans J, Hause B, Strack D, Walter MH (2004) Cloning, characterization, and immunolocalization of a mycorrhiza inducible 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase in arbuscule-containing cells of maize. Plant Physiol 134:614–624

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Lohse S, Schliemann W, Ammer C, Kopka J, Strack D, Fester T (2005) Organisation and metabolism of plastids and mitochondria in arbuscular mycorrhizal roots of Medicago truncatula. Plant Physiol 139:329–340

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Ponce MA, Scervino JM, Erra-Balsells R, Ocampo JA, Godeas AM (2004) Flavonoids from shoots and roots of Trifolium repens (white clover) grown in presence or absence of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices. Phytochemistry 65:1925–1930

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Garmendia I, Aguirreolea J, Goicoechea N (2006) Defence-related enzymes in pepper roots during interactions with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and/or Verticillium dahliae. BioControl 51:293–310

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Toussaint JP (2007) Investigating physiological changes in the aerial parts of AM plants. What do we know and where should we be heading. Mycorrhiza 17:349–353

    Article  Google Scholar 

  121. Pozo MJ, Azcon-Aguilar C (2007) Unraveling mycorrhiza induced resistance. Curr Opin Plant Biol 10:393–398

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Herre EA, Mejia LC, Kyllo DA, Rojas E, Maynard Z, Butler A, Van Bael SA (2007) Ecological implications of antipathogen effects of tropical fungal endophytes and mycorrhizae. Ecology 88:550–558

    Article  Google Scholar 

  123. Cordier C, Gianinazzi S, Gianinazzi-Pearson V (1996) Colonisation patterns of root tissues by Phytophthora nicotianae var parasitica related to reduced disease in mycorrhizal tomato. Plant Soil 185:223–232

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Rabie GH (1998) Induction of fungal disease resistance in Vicia faba by dual inoculation with Rhizobium leguminosarum and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Mycopathologia 141:159–166

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Zhu HH, Yao Q (2004) Localized and systemic increase of phenols in tomato roots induced by Glomus versiforme inhibits Ralstonia solanacearum. J Phytopathol 152:537–542

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Wright DP, Scholes JD, Read DJ (1998) Effects of VA mycorrhizal colonization on photosynthesis and biomass production of Trifolium repens L. Plant Cell Environ 21:209–216

    Article  Google Scholar 

  127. Ruiz-Sànchez M, Aroca R, Muñoz Y, Polòn R, Ruiz-Lozano JM (2010) The arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis enhances the photosynthetic efficiency and the antioxidative response of rice plants subjected to drought stress. J Plant Physiol 167:862–869

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Walter MH, Fester T, Strack D (2000) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi induce the non-mevalonate methylerythritol phosphate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis correlated with accumulation of the ‘yellow pigment’ and other apocarotenoids. Plant J 21:571–578

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Fester T, Wray V, Nimtz M, Strack D (2005) Is stimulation of carotenoid biosynthesis in arbuscular mycorrhizal roots a general phenomenon? Phytochemistry 66:1781–1786

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Toussaint JP, Smith FA, Smith SE (2007) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can induce the production of phytochemicals in sweet basil irrespective of phosphorus nutrition. Mycorrhiza 17:291–297

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Jurkiewicz A, Ryszka P, Anielska T, Waligórski P, Białońska D, Góralska K, Tsimilli-Michael M, Turnau K (2010) Optimization of culture conditions of Arnica montana L.: effects of mycorrhizal fungi and competing plants. Mycorrhiza 20:293–306

    Article  Google Scholar 

  132. Çekiç FO, Ünyayar S, Ortaş I (2012) Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation on biochemical parameters in Capsicum annuum grown under long term salt stress. Turk J Bot 36:63–72

    Google Scholar 

  133. Arines J, Quintela M, Vilariño A, Palma JM (1994) Protein patterns and superoxide dismutase activity in non‐mycorrhizal and arbuscular mycorrhizal Pisum sativum L. plants. Plant Soil 166:37–45

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Ruiz-Lozano JM, Azcon R, Palma JM (1996) Superoxide dismutase activity in arbuscular mycorrhizal Lactuca sativa plants subjected to drought stress. New Phytol 134:327–333

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Garmendia I, Goicoechea N, Aguirreolea J (2004) Antioxidant metabolism in asymptomatic leaves of Verticillium-infected pepper associated with an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. J Phytopathol 152:593–599

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Ghorbanli M, Ebrahimzadeh H, Sharifi M (2004) Effects of NaCl and mycorrhizal fungi on antioxidative enzymes in soybean. Biol Plantarum 48:575–581

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Subramanian KS, Virgine Tenshia JS, Jayalakshmi K, Ramachandran V (2011) Antioxidant enzyme activities in arbuscular mycorrhizal (Glomus intraradices) fungus inoculated and non-inoculated maize plants under zinc deficiency. Ind J Microbiol 51:37–43

    Article  Google Scholar 

  138. Lambais MR, Rios-Ruiz WF, Andrade RM (2003) Antioxidant responses in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) roots colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytol 160:421–428

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Alguacil MM, Hernandez JA, Caravaca F, Portillo B, Roldan A (2003) Antioxidant enzyme activities in shoots from three mycorrhizal shrub species afforested in a degraded semi-arid soil. Physiol Plantarum 118:562–570

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Marulanda A, Porcel R, Barea JM, Azcon R (2007) Drought tolerance and antioxidant activities in lavender plants colonized by native drought-tolerant or drought-sensitive Glomus species. Microbial Ecol 54:543–552

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Harrison MJ, Dixon RA (1993) Isoflavonoid accumulation and expression of defense gene transcripts during the establishment of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal associations in roots of Medicago truncatula. Mol Plant Microbe In 6:643–654

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Fester T, Hause G (2005) Accumulation of reactive oxygen species in arbuscular mycorrhizal roots. Mycorrhiza 15:373–379

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Goicoechea N, Merino S, Sànchez-Dìaz M (2005) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can contribute to maintain antioxidant and carbon metabolism in nodules of Anthyllis cytisoides L. subjected to drought. J Plant Physiol 162:27–35

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. He Z, He C, Zhang Z, Zou Z, Wang H (2007) Changes of antioxidative enzymes and cell membrane osmosis in tomato colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizae under NaCl stress. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 59:128–133

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Blilou I, Ocampo JA, Garcia GJ (2000) Induction of Ltp (lipid transfer protein) and Pal (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) gene expression in rice roots colonized by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae. J Exp Bot 51:1969–1977

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Bonanomi A, Oetiker JH, Guggenheim R, Boller T, Wiemken A, Vögeli-Lange R (2001) Arbuscular mycorrhiza in mini-mycorrhizotrons: first contact of Medicago truncatula roots with Glomus intraradices induces chalcone synthase. New Phytol 150:573–582

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Allen MF, Moore TS Jr, Christensen M (1982) Phytohormone changes in Bouteloua gracilis infected by vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae II. Altered levels of gibberellin-like substances and abscisic acid in the host plant. Can J Bot 60:468–471

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Danneberg G, Latus C, Zimmer W, Hundeshagen B, Schneider-Poetsch H, Bothe H (1992) Influence of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza on phytohormone balances in maize (Zea mays L.). J Plant Physiol 141:33–39

    Article  Google Scholar 

  149. Drüge U, Schönbeck F (1993) Effect of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal infection on transpiration, photosynthesis and growth of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) in relation to cytokinin levels. J Plant Physiol 141:40–48

    Article  Google Scholar 

  150. Khaosaad T, Krenn L, Medjakovic S, Ranner A, Lössl A, Nella M, Jungbauer A, Vierheilig H (2008) Effect of mycorrhization on the isoflavone content and the phytoestrogen activity of red clover. J Plant Physiol 165:1161–1167

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Yoshikawa M, Uemura T, Shimoda H, Kishi A, Kawahara K, Matsuda H (2000) Phytoestrogens from the aerial part of Petroselinum crispum Mill. (parsley) and structures of 6′′-acetylapiin and a new monoterpene glycoside, petroside. Chem Pharm Bull(Tokyo) 48:1039–1044

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Copetta A, Lingua G, Berta G (2006) Effects of three AM fungi on growth, distribution of glandular hairs, and essential oil production in Ocimum basilicum L. var. Genovese. Mycorrhiza 16:485–494

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Rasouli-Sadaghiani M, Hassani A, Barin M, Rezaee Danesh Y, Sefidkon F (2010) Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on growth, essential oil production and nutrients uptake in basil. J Med Plant Res 4:2222–2228

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Kapoor R, Giri B, Mukerji KG (2002) Glomus macrocarpum: a potential bioinoculant to improve essential oil quality and concentration in dill (Anethum graveolens L.) and carum (Trachyspermum ammi (Linn.) Sprague). World J Microbiol Biotechnol 18:459–463

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Kapoor R, Giri B, Mukerji KG (2002) Mycorrhization of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) to enhance the concentration and quality of essential oil. J Sci Food Agr 82:339–342

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Kapoor R, Giri B, Mukerji KG (2004) Improved growth and essential oil yield and quality in Foeniculum vulgare Mill on mycorrhizal inoculation supplemented with P-fertilizer. Bioresource Technol 93:307–311

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Khaosaad T, Vierheilig H, Nell M, Zitterl-Eglseer K, Novak J (2006) Arbuscular mycorrhiza increases the content of essential oils in oregano (Origanum sp., Lamiaceae). Mycorrhiza 16:443–446

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Sailo GL, Bagyaraj DJ (2006) Influence of Glomus bagyarajii and PGPRs on the growth, nutrition and forskolin concentration of Coleus forskohlii. Biol Agric Hortic 23:371–382

    Article  Google Scholar 

  159. Gualandi RJ Jr (2010) Fungal endophytes enhance growth and production of natural products in Echinacea purpurea (Moench.). Dissertation, University of Tennessee, Knoxville

    Google Scholar 

  160. Zubek S, Stojakowska A, Anielska T, Turnau K (2010) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi alter thymol derivative contents of Inula ensifolia L. Mycorrhiza 20:497–504

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Zubek S, Mielcarek S, Turnau K (2012) Hypericin and pseudohypericin concentrations of a valuable medicinal plant Hypericum perforatum L. are enhanced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Mycorrhiza 22:149–156

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Abu-Zeyad R, Khan AG, Khoo C (1999) Occurrence of arbuscular mycorrhiza in Castanospermum australe A. Cunn. & C. Fraser and effects on growth and production of castanospermine. Mycorrhiza 9:111–117

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Baslam M, Garmendia I, Goicoechea N (2011) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) improved growth and nutritional quality of greenhouse-grown lettuce. J Agric Food Chem 59:5504–5515

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Albrechtova J, Latr A, Nedorost L, Pokluda R, Posta K, Vosatka M (2012) Dual inoculation with mycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungi applicable in sustainable cultivation improves the yield and nutritive value of onion. Sci World J. doi:10.1100/2012/374091

    Google Scholar 

  165. Copetta A, Bardi L, Bertolone E, Berta G (2011) Fruit production and quality of tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.) are affected by green compost and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Plant Biosys 145:106–115

    Article  Google Scholar 

  166. Sonnante G, Pignone D, Hammer K (2007) The domestication of artichoke and cardoon: from Roman times to the genomic age. Ann Bot 100:1095–1100

    Article  Google Scholar 

  167. Shutz K, Kammerer D, Carle R, Schieber A (2004) Identification and quantification of caffeoylquinic acids and flavonoids from artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) heads, juice and pomace by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MSn. J Agric Food Chem 52:4090–4096

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Raccuia SA, Melilli MG (2004) Cynara cardunculus L., a potential source of inulin in the Mediterranean environment: screening of genetic variability. Aust J Agric Res 55:693–698

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Roberfroid MB (2000) A European consensus of scientific concepts of functional foods. Nutrition 16:689–691

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Lattanzio V, Kroon PA, Linsalata V, Cardinali A (2009) Globe artichoke: a functional food and source of nutraceutical ingredients. J Funct Foods 1:131–144

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Kirchhoff R, Beckers C, Kirchhoff GM, Trinczek-Gartner H, Petrowicz O, Reimann HJ (1994) Increase in choleresis by means of artichoke extract. Phytomedicine 1:107–115

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Fintelmann V (1996) Therapeutic profile and mechanisms of action of artichoke leaf extracts: hypolipemic, antioxidant, hepatoprotective and choleretic properties. Phytomedicine (Suppl 1):50

    Google Scholar 

  173. Bundy R, Walker AF, Middleton RW, Wallis C, Simpson HCR (2008) Artichoke leaf extract (Cynara scolymus L.) reduces plasma cholesterol in otherwise healthy hypercholesterolemic adults: a randomized, double blind placebo controlled trial. Phytomedicine 15:668–675

    Article  Google Scholar 

  174. Pennington JAT, Fisher RA (2009) Classification of fruits and vegetables. J Food Compos Anal 22S:S23–S31

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Curadi M, Picciarelli P, Lorenzi R, Graifenberg A, Ceccarelli N (2005) Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds in the edible parts of early and late Italian artichoke (Cynara scolymus) varieties. Ital J Food Sci 17:33–43

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Lombardo S, Pandino G, Mauromicale G, Knodler M, Carle R, Schieber A (2010) Influence of genotype, harvest time and plant part on polyphenolic composition of globe artichoke [Cynara cardunculus L. var. scolymus (L.) Fiori]. Food Chem 119:1175–1181

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Ceccarelli N, Curadi M, Martelloni L, Sbrana C, Picciarelli P, Giovannetti M (2010) Mycorrhizal colonization impacts on phenolic content and antioxidant properties of artichoke leaves and flower heads two years after field transplant. Plant Soil 335:311–323

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Comino C, Lanteri S, Portis E, Acquadro A, Romani A, Hehn A, Larbat R, Bourgaud F (2007) Isolation and functional characterization of a cDNA coding a hydroxycinnamoyltransferase involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in Cynara cardunculus L. BMC Plant Biol 7:14–24

    Google Scholar 

  179. Comino C, Hehn A, Moglia A, Menin B, Bourgaud F, Lanteri S, Portis E (2009) The isolation and mapping of a novel hydroxycinnamoyltransferase in the globe artichoke chlorogenic acid pathway. BMC Plant Biol 9:30

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Willcox JK, Catignani GL, Lazarus S (2003) Tomatoes and cardiovascular health. Crit Rev Food Sci 43:1–18

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Canene-Adams K, Campbell JK, Zaripheh S, Jeffery EH, Erdman JW Jr (2005) The tomato as a functional food. J Nutr 135:1226–1230

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Rao AV, Agarwal S (1999) Role of lycopene as antioxidant carotenoid in the prevention of chronic diseases: a review. Nutr Res 19:305–323

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Periago MJ, García-Alonso J, Jacob K, Olivares AB, Bernal MAJ, Iniesta MAD, Martínez C, Ros G (2009) Bioactive compounds, folates and antioxidant properties of tomatoes (Lycopersicum esculentum) during vine ripening. Int J Food Sci Nutr 60:694–708

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Subramanian KS, Santhanakrishnan P, Balasubramanian P (2006) Responses of field grown tomato plants to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal colonization under varying intensities of drought stress. Sci Hortic (Amsterdam) 107:245–253

    Article  Google Scholar 

  185. Giovannetti M, Avio L, Barale R, Ceccarelli N, Cristofani R, Iezzi A, Mignolli F, Picciarelli P, Pinto B, Reali D, Sbrana C, Scarpato R (2012) Nutraceutical value and safety of tomato fruits produced by mycorrhizal plants. Br J Nutr 107:242–251

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Welch RM, Graham RD (2004) Breeding for micronutrients in staple food crops from a human nutrition perspective. J Exp Bot 55:353–364

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the support by the University of Pisa (Progetti di Ateneo 2006), by Cassa di Risparmio di Lucca Pisa e Livorno and by CNR.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy

    Prof. Manuela Giovannetti

  2. Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, CNR, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy

    Dr. Luciano Avio & Dr. Cristiana Sbrana

Authors
  1. Prof. Manuela Giovannetti
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Dr. Luciano Avio
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Dr. Cristiana Sbrana
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Manuela Giovannetti .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Botany Department, M.L. Sukhadia University, Durga Nursery Road, Udaipur, 313001, Rajasthan, India

    Kishan Gopal Ramawat

  2. Institute of Vine and Wine Sciences, Biological-Active Plant Substances Study, University of Bordeaux, 210 Chemin de Leysotte CS 50008, Villenave d'Ornon, 33882, France

    Jean-Michel Mérillon

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this entry

Cite this entry

Giovannetti, M., Avio, L., Sbrana, C. (2013). Improvement of Nutraceutical Value of Food by Plant Symbionts. In: Ramawat, K., Mérillon, JM. (eds) Natural Products. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22144-6_187

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation