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Carotenoids as Colorants

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Natural Products

Abstract

Carotenoids, precursors of vitamin A, are natural pigments synthesized by plants and some microorganisms. Humans and animals are not able to synthesize and need to acquire them by alimentation. Beyond the health benefits promoted by vitamin A, these compounds have antioxidant capacity which gives protection for cardiovascular and degenerative diseases. The presence of conjugated double bonds in carotenoid structure contributes for their pigmentation, absorption of ultraviolet/visible radiation, and antioxidant activity but also is the main reason of their chemical instability. Some factors such as heat, light, acids, organic solvent reflux, crystal melting, and iodine treatment can promote carotenoid cis–trans isomerization and oxidation. In the carotenoid qualitative and quantitative analysis, steps of extraction and storage are important to prevent degradation and total recovery. The extraction is generally realized using organic solvents in addiction or not a saponification step. The high-performance liquid chromatography is the most widely used technique, but others may be employed. The industrial production of carotenoids can be made by simple extraction or microbial process.

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Abbreviations

BHT:

2,6-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-methylphenol

CEC:

Capillary electrochromatography

DAD:

Diode array detector

DXP:

1-Deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate

GC:

Gas chromatography

HPLC:

High-performance liquid chromatography

IPP:

Isopentenyl diphosphate

MS:

Mass spectrometry

MVA:

Mevalonic acid

NIRS:

Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy

NMR:

Nuclear magnetic resonance

OCC:

Open column chromatography

TDN:

1,1,6-Trimethyl-1,2-dihydronaphthalene

THF:

Tetrahydrofuran

UHPLC:

Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Biochemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Athos da Silveira Ramos 149, CT, Bloco E – 103, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Prof. Bernardo Dias Ribeiro & Dr. Raquel Grando de Oliveira

Authors
  1. Prof. Bernardo Dias Ribeiro
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  2. Dr. Raquel Grando de Oliveira
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bernardo Dias Ribeiro .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Botany Department, M.L. Sukhadia University, Durga Nursery Road, Udaipur, 313001, Rajasthan, India

    Kishan Gopal Ramawat

  2. Institute of Vine and Wine Sciences, Biological-Active Plant Substances Study, University of Bordeaux, 210 Chemin de Leysotte CS 50008, Villenave d'Ornon, 33882, France

    Jean-Michel Mérillon

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Ribeiro, B.D., Grando de Oliveira, R. (2013). Carotenoids as Colorants. In: Ramawat, K., Mérillon, JM. (eds) Natural Products. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22144-6_172

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