Table 2.1 Molecular biological characteristics of the different virus families, including some typical prototypes
Virus family | Subfamily/genus | Example | Envelope | Particle size/shape of the capsid or nucleocapsid | Genome: kind and size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Picornaviridae (Sect. 14.1) | Enterovirus | Poliovirus, coxsackievirus, human enteroviruses, human rhinoviruses | No | 28–30 nm/icosahedron | ssRNA; linear; positive strand; 7,200–8,400 nucleotides |
Cardiovirus | Encephalomyocarditis virus, mengovirus, theilovirus | ||||
Aphthovirus | Foot-and-mouth disease virus | ||||
Parechovirus | Human parechovirus | ||||
Hepatovirus | Hepatitis A virus | ||||
Erbovirus | Equine rhinitis B virus | ||||
Kobuvirus | Aichi virus | ||||
Teschovirus | Porcine teschoviruses | ||||
Astroviridae (Sect. 14.2) | Mamastrovirus | Human, bovine and feline astroviruses | No | 27–30 nm/icosahedron | ssRNA; linear; positive strand; 6,800–7,900 nucleotides |
Avastrovirus | Avian astroviruses | ||||
Caliciviridae (Sect. 14.3) | Norovirus | Norwalk virus | No | 27–34 nm/icosahedron | ssRNA; linear; positive strand; 7,500–8,000 nucleotides |
Sapovirus | Sapporo virus | ||||
Vesivirus | Feline calicivirus | ||||
Lagovirus | Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus | ||||
Nebovirus | Newbury-1 virus | ||||
Hepeviridae (Sect. 14.4) | Hepevirus | Hepatitis E virus | No | 27–34 nm/icosahedron | ssRNA; linear; positive strand; 7,200 nucleotides |
Flaviviridae (Sect. 14.5) | Flavivirus | Yellow fever virus, dengue virus, West Nile virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus | Yes | 40–50 nm/icosahedron | ssRNA; linear; positive strand; 10,000 nucleotides |
Pestivirus | Classical swine fever virus, bovine viral diarrhoea virus | ||||
Hepacivirus | Hepatitis C virus | ||||
Togaviridae (Sect. 14.6) | Alphavirus | Sindbis virus, Semliki Forest virus, equine encephalitis viruses | Yes | 60–70 nm/icosahedron | ssRNA; linear; positive strand; 12,000 nucleotides |
Rubivirus | Rubella virus | ||||
Arteriviridae (Sect. 14.7) | Arterivirus | Equine arteritis virus, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus | Yes | 40–60 nm/icosahedron | ssRNA; linear; positive strand; 12,000–16,000 nucleotides |
Coronaviridae (Sect. 14.8) | Coronavirinae/Alphacoronavirus | Human coronaviruses 229E and NL63, feline coronavirus, porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus | Yes | 120–160 nm/helix | ssRNA; linear; positive strand; 25,000–35,000 nucleotides |
Coronavirinae/Betacoronavirus | SARS-associated coronavirus, mouse hepatitis virus, bat corinaviruses HKU5 and HKU9 | ||||
Coronavirinae/Gammacoronavirus | Avian infectious bronchitis virus | ||||
Torovirinae/Torovirus | Bovine and equine toroviruses | ||||
Rhabdoviridae (Sect. 15.1) | Vesiculovirus | Vesicular stomatitis virus | Yes | 65–180 nm/helix | ssRNA; linear; negative strand; 12,000 nucleotides |
Lyssavirus | Rabies virus | ||||
Ephemerovirus | Bovine ephemeral fever virus | ||||
Novirhabdovirus | Infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus, viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus | ||||
Bornaviridae (Sect. 15.2) | Bornavirus | Borna disease virus | Yes | 90 nm/helix | ssRNA; linear; negative strand; 9,000 nucleotides |
Paramyxoviridae (Sect. 15.3) | Respirovirus | Parainfluenza virus | Yes | 150–250 nm/helix | ssRNA; linear; negative strand; 16,000–20,000 nucleotides |
Rubulavirus | Mumps virus | ||||
Avulavirus | Newcastle disease virus | ||||
Morbillivirus | Measles virus, canine distemper virus, rinderpest virus | ||||
Henipavirus | Hendra virus, Nipah virus | ||||
Pneumovirus | Respiratory syncytial virus | ||||
Metapneumovirus | Human metapneumovirus | ||||
Filoviridae (Sect. 15.4) | Marburgvirus | Marburg marburgvirus | Yes | 80–700 nm/helix | ssRNA; linear; negative strand; 19,000 nucleotides |
Ebolavirus | Zaire ebolavirus, Reston ebolavirus | ||||
Arenaviridae (Sect. 16.1) | Arenavirus | Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, Lassa virus, Junín virus | Yes | 50–300 nm/helix | ssRNA; linear; 2 segments; ambisense strands; 10,000–12,000 nucleotides |
Bunyaviridae (Sect. 16.2) | Orthobunyavirus | California encephalitis virus | Yes | 100–120 nm/helix | ssRNA; linear; 3 segments; negative strand (ambisense in phleboviruses); 12,000 nucleotides |
Phlebovirus | Rift Valley fever virus, sandfly fever virus | ||||
Nairovirus | Crimean-Congo fever virus, Nairobi sheep disease virus | ||||
Hantavirus | Hantaan virus, Puumala virus, Sin Nombre virus | ||||
Topsovirus | Tomato spotted wilt virus | ||||
Orthomyxoviridae (Sect. 16.3) | Influenza A virus | Influenza A virus | Yes | 120 nm/helix | ssRNA; linear; 7 or 8 segments; negative strand; 13,000–14,000 nucleotides |
Influenza B virus | Influenza B virus | ||||
Influenza C virus | Influenza C virus | ||||
Thogotovirus | Thogoto virus, Dhori virus | ||||
Isavirus | Infectious salmon anaemia virus | ||||
Birnaviridae (Sect. 17.1) | Avibirnavirus | Gumboro virus | No | 60 nm/icosahedron | dsRNA; linear; 2 segments; 5,800–6,400 base pairs |
Aquabirnavirus | Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus | ||||
Entomobirnavirus | Drosophila X virus | ||||
Reoviridae (Sect. 17.2) | Orthoreovirus | Reoviruses | No | 70–80 nm/icosahedron | dsRNA; linear; 10/11/12 segments; 18,000–19,000 base pairs |
Orbivirus | Bluetongue virus, African horse sickness virus | ||||
Rotavirus | Rotaviruses | ||||
Coltivirus | Colorado tick fever virus | ||||
Aquareovirus | Golden shiner virus | ||||
Retroviridae (Sect. 18.1) | Alpharetrovirus | Rous sarcoma virus | Yes | 100 nm/icosahedron or cone | ssRNA; linear; positive strand, transcription into dsDNA; integration; 7,000–12,000 nucleotides |
Betaretrovirus | Mouse mammary tumour virus | ||||
Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (ovine pulmonary adenomatosis virus) | |||||
Gammaretrovirus | Feline leukaemia virus, murine leukaemia virus | ||||
Deltaretrovirus | Human T-lymphotropic viruses 1 and 2, bovine leukaemia virus | ||||
Epsilonretrovirus | Diverse fish retroviruses | ||||
Lentivirus | Human immunodeficiency viruses | ||||
Spumavirus | Simian foamy virus | ||||
Hepadnaviridae (Sect. 19.1) | Orthohepadnavirus | Hepatitis B virus | Yes | 42 nm | DNA; partially double stranded; circular; 3,000–3,300 base pairs |
Avihepadnavirus | Duck hepatitis B virus | ||||
Deltavirus (virusoid); infection along with hepatitis B virus as helper virus | Hepatitis D virus | Yes, composition to similar the envelope of hepatitis B viruses | ssRNA; circular; 1,900 nucleotides | ||
Polyomaviridae (Sect. 19.2) | Polyomavirus | BK polyomavirus, JC polyomavirus, simian virus 40 | No | 45 nm/icosahedron | dsDNA; circular; 5,000 nucleotides |
Papillomaviridae (Sect. 19.3) | Alphapapillomavirus | Human papillomaviruses 6, 10, 16, 18 and 32 (mucosa, oral/genital) | No | 55 nm/icosahedron | dsDNA; circular; 8,000 nucleotides |
Betapapillomavirus | Human papillomaviruses, 5, 9 and 49 (dermal) | ||||
Gammapapillomavirus | Human papillomaviruses 4, 48 and 50 (dermal) | ||||
Deltaapillomavirus | Ruminant papillomaviruses (cattle, sheep, deer) | ||||
Lambdapapillomavirus | Canine and feline papillomaviruses | ||||
Adenoviridae (Sect. 19.4) | Mastadenovirus | Human and canine adenoviruses | No | 70–80 nm/icosahedron | dsDNA; linear; 36,000–38,000 base pairs |
Aviadenovirus | Avian adenoviruses | ||||
Siadenovirus | Turkey haemorrhagic enteritis virus | ||||
Atadenovirus | Chicken egg drop syndrome virus | ||||
Herpesviridae (Sect. 19.5) | Alphaherpesvirinae | Herpes simplex viruses, varicella-zoster virus, bovine, equine, porcine, canine, feline and gallid herpesviruses | Yes | 250–300 nm/icosahedron | dsDNA; linear; 150,000–250,000 base pairs |
Betaherpesvirinae | Cytomegalovirus, human herpesvirus 6 | ||||
Gammaherpesvirnae | Epstein-Barr virus, human herpesvirus 8, alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (bovine malignant catarrhal fever virus) | ||||
Poxviridae (Sect. 19.6) | Orthopoxvirus | Variola viruses, vaccinia virus, bovine and simian variola viruses | Yes | 350–450 nm/complex | dsDNA; linear; 130,000–350,000 base pairs |
Parapoxvirus | Orf virus | ||||
Avipoxvirus | Canarypox virus | ||||
Molluscipoxvirus | Molluscum contagiosum virus | ||||
Suipoxvirus | Swinepox virus | ||||
Yatapoxvirus | Tanapox virus, Yaba monkey tumour virus | ||||
Asfarviridae (Sect. 19.7) | Asfivirus | African swine fever virus | Yes | 200 nm/complex | dsDNA; linear; 180,000 base pairs |
Parvoviridae (Sect. 20.1) | Parvovirus | Feline panleucopenia virus, canine parvovirus, porcine parvovirus | No | 20–25 nm/icosahedron | ssDNA; linear; 5,000 nucleotides |
Erythrovirus | Parvovirus B19 | ||||
Bocavirus | Human bocavirus, bovine bocavirus, canine minute virus | ||||
Amdovirus | Aleutian mink disease virus | ||||
Dependovirus | Adeno-associated viruses | ||||
Circoviridae (Sect. 20.2) | Gyrovirus | Chicken anaemia virus | No | 16–24 nm/icosahedron | ssDNA; circular; 1,700–2,000 nucleotides |
Circovirus | Porcine circovirus, beak and feather disease virus | ||||
Anelloviridae (Sect. 20.2) | Alphatorquevirus | Torque teno virus | |||
Betatorquevirus | Torque teno mini virus | ||||
Gammatorquevirus | Torque teno midi virus |