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International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science pp 682–685Cite as

Intervention Analysis in Time Series

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Intervention analysis is the application of modeling procedures for incorporating the effects of exogenous forces or interventions in time series analysis. These interventions, like policy changes, strikes, floods, and price changes, cause unusual changes in time series, resulting in unexpected, extraordinary observations known as outliers. Specifically, four types of outliers resulting from interventions, additive outliers (AO), innovational outliers (IO), temporary changes (TC), and level shifts (LS), have generated a lot of interest in literature. They pose nonstationarity challenges, which cannot be represented by the usual Box and Jenkins (1976) autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models alone.

The most popular modeling procedures are those where “intervention” detection and estimation is paramount. Box and Tiao (1975) pioneered this type of analysis in their quest to solve the Los Angeles pollution problem. Important extensions and contributions have been made by...

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References and Further Reading

  • Abraham B, Chuang C (1989) Outlier detection and time series modeling. Technometrics 31(2):241–247

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  • Abraham B, Chuang C (1993) Expectation-maximization algorithms and the estimation of time series models in the presence of outliers. J Time Ser Anal 14(3):221–234

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  • Box GEP, Jenkins GM (1970, 1976) Time series analysis forecasting and control. Holden Day, San Francisco

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  • Box GEP, Tiao GC (1975) Intervention analysis with application to economic and environmental problems. J Am Stat Assoc 70(34):70–79

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  • Chang I, Tiao GC, Chen C (1988) Estimation of time series parameters in the presence of outliers. Technometrics 30(2):193–204

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  • Chareka P, Matarise F, Turner R (2006) A test for additive outliers applicable to long memory time series. J Econ Dyn Control 30(6):595–621

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  • Chen C, Liu L-M (1993) Joint estimation of model parameter and outlier effects in time series. J Am Stat Assoc 88:284–297

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  • Kirkendall N (1992) Monitoring outliers and level shifts in Kalman filter implementations of exponential smoothing. J Forecasting 11:543–550

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Zimbabwe, Harere, Zimbabwe

    Florance Matarise (Acting Department Chairperson)

Authors
  1. Florance Matarise
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Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Statistics and Informatics, Faculty of Economics, University of Kragujevac, City of Kragujevac, Serbia

    Miodrag Lovric

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© 2011 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

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Matarise, F. (2011). Intervention Analysis in Time Series. In: Lovric, M. (eds) International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04898-2_308

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