Skip to main content

Non-neoplastic Disorders of the Aging Skin

  • Reference work entry
Textbook of Aging Skin

Abstract

The skin is the barrier between vulnerable internal tissues and a plentitude of environmental factors with the potential to negatively impact those tissues [1]. Degenerative processes inherent to aging produce the characteristic thinning, drying, and sagging of elderly skin [2] as well as a progressive deterioration in skin function [3]. This process is based to some extent on ethnicity and gender [4]. However, most visible changes in aged skin [4] as well as most pathological changes are due to a lifetime of exposure to external environmental insult [1]. Degenerative processes that occur in aging skin and their clinical significance are shown in Table 54.1 .

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 499.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Marks R. Skin Disease in Old Age, 2nd ed. New York: Taylor & Francis, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Farage MA, Miller KW, Elsner P, et al. Structural characteristics of the aging skin: a review. Cutan Ocul Toxicol. 2007;26:343–357.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Farage MA, Miller KW, Elsner P, et al. Functional and physiological characteristics of the aging skin. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2008;20:195–200.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Farage MA, Miller KW, Elsner P, et al. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors in skin ageing: a review. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2008;30:87–95.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Gilchrest BA. Geriatric skin problems. Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1986;21:55, 59–65.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Kligman AM, Koblenzer C. Demographics and psychological implications for the aging population. Dermatol Clin. 1997;15:549–553.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Kligman AM. Psychological aspects of skin disorders in the elderly. Cutis. 1989;43:498–501.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Skin care and repair. www.aarp.org/health/conditions/articles/harvard__skin-care-and-repair_0.html. Accessed February 18, 2009.

  9. Thaipisuttikul Y. Pruritic skin diseases in the elderly. J Dermatol. 1998;25:153–157.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Gilchrest B, Chiu N. Common skin diseases. http://www.merck.com/pubs/mm_geriatrics/sec15/ch123.htm. Accessed February 18, 2009.

  11. Bleiker TO, Graham-Brown RA. Diagnosing skin disease in the elderly. Practitioner. 2000;244:974–981.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Laube S, Farrell AM. Bacterial skin infections in the elderly: diagnosis and treatment. Drugs Aging. 2002;19:331–342.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Norman RA. Xerosis and pruritus in elderly patients, part 1. Ostomy Wound Manage. 2006;52:12–14.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Wolff K, Johnson R, Suurmond R. 2005.Fitzpatrick's Color Atlas & Synopsis of Clinical Dermatology, 5th ed. McGraw-Hill Professional, New York:

    Google Scholar 

  15. Resnick B. Dermatologic problems in the elderly. Lippincotts Prim Care Pract. 1997;1:14–30, quiz 31–2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Kleinsmith DM, Perricone NV. Common skin problems in the elderly. Dermatol Clin. 1986;4:485–499.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Peters S. Dermatologic issues in the elderly: examining common problems. Adv Nurse Pract. 1999;7:63–64.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Fitzpatrick JE. Common inflammatory skin diseases of the elderly. Geriatrics. 1989;44:40–46.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Haroun MT. Dry skin in the elderly. Geriatr Aging. 2003;6:41–44.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Shwayder T. Ichthyosis in a nutshell. Pediatr Rev. 1999;20:5–12.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Harding C, Watkinson A, Rawlings A, et al. Dry skin, moisturization and corneodesmoloysis. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2000;22:21–52.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Loden M, Maibach H (eds). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Leyden JJ, Rawlings AV. Skin Moisturization. New York: Marcel Dekker, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Jennings MB, Alfieri D, Ward K, et al. Comparison of salicylic acid and urea versus ammonium lactate for the treatment of foot xerosis. a randomized, double-blind, clinical study. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 1998;88:332–336.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Fleischer ABJ. Pruritus in the elderly. Adv Dermatol. 1995;10:41–60.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Waisman M. A clinical look at the aging skin. Postgrad Med. 1979;66:87–93, 96.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Yosipovitch G. Assessment of itch: more to be learned and improvements to be made. J Invest Dermatol. 2003;121:xiv–xv.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Perkins P. The management of eczema in adults (continuing education credit). Nurs Stand. 1996;10:55–6.49–53, quiz

    Google Scholar 

  29. Braun M, Lowitt MH. Pruritus. Adv Dermatol. 2001;17:1–27.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Rogers C. Lichen simplex chronicus. Dermatol Nurs. 2003;15:271.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Long CC, Marks R. Stratum corneum changes in patients with senile pruritus. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1992;27:560–564.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Lim SPR, Abdullah A. Managing skin disease in elderly patients. Practitioner. 2004;248:100–104, 106, 108–109.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Gupta MA, Gupta AK. Medically unexplained cutaneous sensory symptoms may represent somatoform dissociation: an empirical study. J Psychosom Res. 2006;60:131–136

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Shelley WB, Shelley ED. The ten major problems of aging skin. Geriatrics. 1982;37:107–113.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Fleischer ABJ. Pruritus in the elderly: management by senior dermatologists. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1993;28:603–609.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Webster GF. Common skin disorders in the elderly. Clin Cornerstone. 2001;4:39–44.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Tierney L, McPhee S, Papadakis M. Current medical diagnosis and treatment. New York: McGraw Hill, 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  38. DeWitt S. Nursing assessment of the skin and dermatologic lesions. Nurs Clin North Am. 1990;25:235–245.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Marks R. Skin Disease in Old Age. London: Martin Dunitz, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Habif T. Clinical Dermatology: A Color Guide to Diagnosis and Treatment. St Louis: Mosby, 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Tavadia S, Bianchi J, Dawe RS, et al. Allergic contact dermatitis in venous leg ulcer patients. Contact Derm. 2003;48:261–265.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. MacKie R. Clinical Dermatology: An Illustrated Textbook. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Hall J. Sauer's Manual of Skin Diseases. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Johnson R, Wolff K, Polano M, et al. Asteatotic dermatitis. In: Fitzpatrick T (ed) Color Atlas and Synopsis of Clinical Dermatology, 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Norman R (ed). Diagnosis of Aging Skin Diseases. London: Springer Verlag, 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Weismann K, Wadskov S, Mikkelsen HI, et al. Acquired zinc deficiency dermatosis in man. Arch Dermatol. 1978;114:1509–1511.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Akimoto K, Yoshikawa N, Higaki Y, et al. Quantitative analysis of stratum corneum lipids in xerosis and asteatotic eczema. J Dermatol. 1993;20:1–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Warin AP. Eczéma craquelé as the presenting feature of myxoedema. Br J Dermatol. 1973;89:289–291.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Guillet MH, Schollhammer M, Sassolas B, et al. Eczema craquelé as a pointer of internal malignancy – A case report. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1996;21:431–433.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. van Voorst Vader PC, Folkers E, van Rhenen DJ. Craquelé-like eruption in angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy. Arch Dermatol. 1979;115:370.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Sparsa A, Boulinguez S, Liozon E, et al. Predictive clinical features of eczema craquelé associated with internal malignancy. Dermatology (Basel). 2007;215:28–35.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Soter NA. Nummular eczematous dermatitis. In: Freedberg IM, Eisen AZ, Wolff K (eds) Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine, 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  53. du Vivier A. Atlas of Clinical Dermatology. Oxford: Churchill Livingston, Kidlington, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Miller J, Collins K, King L. Nummular dermatitis. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1123605-print. Accessed February 18, 2009.

  55. Aoyama H, Tanaka M, Hara M, et al. Nummular eczema: an addition of senile xerosis and unique cutaneous reactivities to environmental aeroallergens. Dermatology (Basel). 1999;199:135–139.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Adachi A, Horikawa T, Takashima T, et al. Mercury-induced nummular dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;43:383–385.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Le Coz C. Contact nummular (discoid) eczema from depilating cream. Contact Dermatitis. 2002;46:111–112.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Flendrie M, Vissers WHPM, Creemers MCW, et al. Dermatological conditions during tnf-alpha-blocking therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a prospective study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2005;7:R666–R676.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Shen Y, Pielop J, Hsu S, Generalized nummular eczema secondary to peginterferon alfa-2b and ribavirin combination therapy for hepatitis c infection. Arch Dermatol. 2005;141:102–103.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. White JV, Ryjewski C. Chronic venous insufficiency. Perspect Vasc Surg Endovasc Ther. 2005;17:319–327.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Quatresooz P, Henry F, Paquet P, et al. Deciphering the impaired cytokine cascades in chronic leg ulcers (review). Int J Mol Med. 2003;11:411–418.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Leu AJ, Leu HJ, Franzeck UK, et al. Microvascular changes in chronic venous insufficiency – a review. Cardiovasc Surg. 1995;3:237–245.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Coleridge Smith PD. Deleterious effects of white cells in the course of skin damage in CVI. Int Angiol. 2002;21:26–32.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Shai A, Maibach HI. Wound Healing and Ulcers of the Skin: Diagnosis and Therapy – The Practical Approach, New York: Springer, 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Trent JT, Falabella A, Eaglstein WH, et al. Venous ulcers: pathophysiology and treatment options. Ostomy Wound Manage. 2005;51:55–56.38–54, quiz

    Google Scholar 

  66. Herouy Y, Nockowski P, Schöpf E, et al. Lipodermatosclerosis and the significance of proteolytic remodeling in the pathogenesis of venous ulceration (review). Int J Mol Med. 1999;3:511–515.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Buckley C, Rustin MH. Management of irritable skin disorders in the elderly. Br J Hosp Med. 1990;44:24–26, 28, 30–32.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Combemale P, Bousquet M, Kanitakis J, et al. Malignant transformation of leg ulcers: a retrospective study of 85 cases. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2007;21:935–941.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Gilchrest B, Krutmann J (eds). Skin Aging. New York: Springer, 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Carter DM, Balin AK. Dermatological aspects of aging. Med Clin North Am. 1983;67:531–543.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Machet L, Couhé C, Perrinaud A, et al. A high prevalence of sensitization still persists in leg ulcer patients: a retrospective series of 106 patients tested between 2001 and 2002 and a meta-analysis of 1975–2003 data. Br J Dermatol. 2004;150:929–935.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Smoker A. Skin care in old age. Nurs Stand. 1999;13:47–53.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Chan DCW, Fong DHF, Leung JYY, et al. Maggot debridement therapy in chronic wound care. Hong Kong Med J. 2007;13:382–386.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Jull AB, Rodgers A, Walker N. Honey as a topical treatment for wounds. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008; Issue 4. Art. No.: CD005083. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005083.pub2.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Coelho S, Amarelo M, Ryan S, et al. Rheumatoid arthritis-associated inflammatory leg ulcers: a new treatment for recalcitrant wounds. Int Wound J. 2004;1:81–84.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Taradaj J, Franek A, Brzezinska-Wcislo L, et al. The use of therapeutic ultrasound in venous leg ulcers: a randomized, controlled clinical trial. Phlebology. 2008;23:178–183.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Körber A, Franckson T, Grabbe S, et al. Vacuum assisted closure device improves the take of mesh grafts in chronic leg ulcer patients Dermatology (Basel). 2008;216:250–256.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Kranke P, Bennett M, Roeckl-Wiedmann I, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for chronic wounds. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004:CD004123.

    Google Scholar 

  79. van Gent WB, Hop WC, van Praag MC, et al. Conservative versus surgical treatment of venous leg ulcers: a prospective, randomized, multicenter trial. J Vasc Surg. 2006;44:563–571.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Beacham BE. Common dermatoses in the elderly. Am Fam Physician. 1993;47:1445–1450.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Piaserico S, Larese F, Recchia GP, et al. Allergic contact sensitivity in elderly patients. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2004;16:221–225.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Ghadially R, Brown BE, Sequeira-Martin SM, et al. The aged epidermal permeability barrier: Structural, functional, and lipid biochemical abnormalities in humans and a senescent murine model. J Clin Invest. 1995;95:2281–2290.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Goh CL, Ling R. A retrospective epidemiology study of contact eczema among the elderly attending a tertiary dermatology referral centre in Singapore. Singapore Med J. 1998;39:442–446.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Green CM, Holden CR, Gawkrodger DJ. Contact allergy to topical medicaments becomes more common with advancing age: An age-stratified study. Contact Dermatitis. 2007;56:229–231.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Nedorost ST, Stevens SR. Diagnosis and treatment of allergic skin disorders in the elderly. Drugs Aging. 2001;18:827–835.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Mangelsdorf HC, Fleischer AB, Sherertz EF. Patch testing in an aged population without dermatitis: High prevalence of patch test positivity. Am J Contact Dermatitis. 1996;7:155–157.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Spencer SK, Kierland RR. The aging skin: problems and their causes. Geriatrics. 1970;25:81–89.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Chew AL, Maibach HI (eds). Irritant Dermatitis. Berlin/Heidleberg: Springer, 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Levin C, Zhai H, Bashir S, et al. Efficacy of corticosteroids in acute experimental irritant contact dermatitis? Skin Res Technol. 2001;7:214–218.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Levin C, Zhai H, Maibach H. Corticosteroids of clinical value in lipid-soluble-chemical-induced irritation in man? Exogenous Dermatol. 2002;1:97–101.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Sandström Falk MH, Tengvall Linder M, Johansson C, et al. The prevalence of malassezia yeasts in patients with atopic dermatitis, seborrhoeic dermatitis and healthy controls. Acta Derm Venereol. 2005;85:17–23.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Schwartz RA, Janusz CA, Janniger CK. Seborrheic dermatitis: An overview. Am Fam Physician. 2006;74:125–130.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Schwartz JR, Cardin CW, Dawson TLJ. Dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis. In: Baran R, Maibach HI (eds). Textbook of Cosmetic Dermatology, 3rd ed. London: Martin Dunitz Ltd., 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Mastrolonardo M, Diaferio A, Logroscino G. Seborrheic dermatitis, increased sebum excretion, and parkinson's disease: a survey of (im)possible links. Med Hypotheses. 2003;60:907–911.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Loo WJ, Burrows NP. Management of autoimmune skin disorders in the elderly. Drugs Aging. 2004;21:767–777.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Bickle K, Roark TR, Hsu S. Autoimmune bullous dermatoses: a review. Am Fam Physician. 2002;65:1861–1870.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Langan SM, Smeeth L, Hubbard R, et al. Bullous pemphigoid and pemphigus vulgaris – incidence and mortality in the UK: population based cohort study. Br Med J. 2008;337:a180.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Walsh SRA, Hogg D, Mydlarski PR. Bullous pemphigoid: from bench to bedside. Drugs. 2005;65:905–926.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. American Academy of Dermatology. Bullous disease. http://www.aad.org/public/Publications/pamphlets/bullous.htm. Accessed February 18, 2009.

  100. Stanley J. Bullous pemphigoid. In: Freedberg IM, Eisen AZ, Wolff K, et al (eds) Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine, 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Mutasim DF. Autoimmune bullous dermatoses in the elderly: diagnosis and management. Drugs Aging. 2003;20:663–681.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Kjellman P, Eriksson H, Berg P. A retrospective analysis of patients with bullous pemphigoid treated with methotrexate. Arch Dermatol. 2008;144:612–616.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Sollecito TP, Parisi E. Mucous membrane pemphigoid. Dent Clin North Am. 2005;49:91–106, viii.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Laforest C, Huilgol SC, Casson R, et al. Autoimmune bullous diseases: Ocular manifestations and management. Drugs. 2005;65:1767–1779.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Pemphigus vulgaris. http://www.merck.com/mmpe/print/sec10/ch112/ch112f.html. Accessed February 18, 2009.

  106. da Silva AV, Valones MA, Guimaraes RP, et al. Pemphigus vulgaris: A therapeutic option for disease control. Gen Dent. 2008;56:700–703.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Tehranchi-Nia Z, Qureshi TA, Ahmed AR. Pemphigus vulgaris in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1998;46:92–94.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Chams-Davatchi C, Esmaili N, Daneshpazhooh M, et al. Randomized controlled open-label trial of four treatment regimens for pemphigus vulgaris. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007;57:622–628.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Zhu X, Zhang B. Paraneoplastic pemphigus. J Dermatol. 2007;34:503–511.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Farage MA, Maibach HI (eds). The Vulva: Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathology, New York: Informa Healthcare, 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Neill SM, Tatnall FM, Cox NH. Guidelines for the management of lichen sclerosus. Br J Dermatol. 2002;147:640–649.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Lorenz B, Kaufman RH, Kutzner SK. Lichen sclerosus: therapy with clobetasol propionate. J Reprod Med. 1998;43:790–794.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Cooper SM, Gao X, Powell JJ, et al. Does treatment of vulvar lichen sclerosus influence its prognosis? Arch Dermatol. 2004;140:702–706.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Berlowitz DR, Wilking SVB. Pressure ulcers in the nursing home. In: Reubentein L, Wieland D (eds) Improving Care in the Nursing Home: Comprehensive Reviews of Clinical Research. Newbury Park: Sage Publications, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  115. Edlich RF, Winters KL, Woodard CR, et al. Pressure ulcer prevention. J Long Term Eff Med Implants. 2004;14:285–304.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel. Pressure ulcers prevalence, cost, and risk assessment: consensus development conference statement. Decubitus. 1989;2:24–28.

    Google Scholar 

  117. Nola GT, Vistnes LM. Differential response of skin and muscle in the experimental production of pressure sores. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1980;66:728–733.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Baranoski S. Skin tears: the enemy of frail skin. Adv Skin Wound Care. 2000;13:123–126.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Baeke JL. Hospital-acquired pressure ulcers: an epidemic. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2000;106:945–946.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Stratton RJ, Ek A, Engfer M, et al. Enteral nutritional support in prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Res. Rev. 2005;4:422–450.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Cohen AF, Tiemstra JD. Diagnosis and treatment of rosacea. J Am Board Fam Pract. 2002;15:214–217.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Diaz C, O'Callaghan CJ, Khan A, et al. Rosacea: a cutaneous marker of Helicobacter pylori infection? Results of a pilot study. Acta Derm Venereol. 2003;83:282–286.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Boixeda de Miquel D, Vázquez Romero M, Vázquez Sequeiros E, et al. Effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy in rosacea patients. Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2006;98:501–509.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Tisma VS, Basta-Juzbasic A, Jaganjac M, et al. Oxidative stress and ferritin expression in the skin of patients with rosacea. J Am Acad Dermatol. Feb 2009;60(2):270-276, Epub 2008 Nov 25.

    Google Scholar 

  125. Oztas MO, Balk M, Ogüs E, et al. The role of free oxygen radicals in the aetiopathogenesis of rosacea Clin. Exp Dermatol. 2003;28:188–192.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Baz K, Cimen MYB, Kokturk A, et al. Plasma reactive oxygen species activity and antioxidant potential levels in rosacea patients: Correlation with seropositivity to Helicobacter pylori. Int J Dermatol. 2004;43:494–497.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Bakar O, Demirçay Z, Yuksel M, et al. The effect of azithromycin on reactive oxygen species in rosacea Clin. Exp Dermatol. 2007;32:197–200.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Niv D, Maltsman-Tseikhin A, Lang E. Postherpetic neuralgia: What do we know and where are we heading? Pain Physician. 2004;7:239–247.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Johnson R. Herpes zoster – predicting and minimizing the impact of post-herpetic neuralgia. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2001;47(Suppl T1):1–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Oxman MN, Levin MJ, Johnson GR, et al. A vaccine to prevent herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia in older adults. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:2271–2284.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Koplan JP, Harpaz R. Shingles vaccine: Effective and costly or cost-effective? Ann Intern Med. 2006;145:386–387.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Bachot N, Roujeau J. Differential diagnosis of severe cutaneous drug eruptions. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2003;4:561–572.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Liao YH, Chen KH, Tseng MP, et al. Pattern of skin diseases in a geriatric patient group in taiwan: a 7-year survey from the outpatient clinic of a university medical center. Dermatology (Basel). 2001;203:308–313.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Fletcher K. Skin: geriatric self-learning module. Medsurg Nurs. 2005;14:138–142.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Boss GR, Seegmiller JE. Age-related physiological changes and their clinical significance. West J Med. 1981;135:434–440.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Kooken A, Tomecki K. Drug eruptions. http://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/diseasemanagement/dermatology/drug_eruptions/drug_eruptions1.htm. Accessed February 18, 2009.

  137. Kauppinen K, Alanko K, Hannuksela M, et al. Skin Reactions to Drugs. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  138. Kurban RS, Kurban AK. Common skin disorders of aging: diagnosis and treatment. Geriatrics. 1993;48:30–31, 35–36, 39–42.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this entry

Cite this entry

Farage, M.A., Miller, K.W., Berardesca, E., Maibach, H.I. (2010). Non-neoplastic Disorders of the Aging Skin. In: Farage, M.A., Miller, K.W., Maibach, H.I. (eds) Textbook of Aging Skin. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-89656-2_54

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-89656-2_54

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-89655-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-89656-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineReference Module Medicine

Publish with us

Policies and ethics