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Handbook of Visual Display Technology pp 2145–2170Cite as

See-Through Head Worn Display (HWD) Architectures

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Abstract

Over the past 3 decades, as computer and display technology advanced along the path laid out by Moore’s Law of miniaturization and functionality, many writers presented scenarios for augmented reality (AR) displays centered on bringing information to the individual. In that the emphasis was on the individual experience, the initial technology that did not pursue a see-through geometry seemed viable. When the initial solutions, a generation of look-at displays resting on the nose bridge appeared around 2000, the market did not embrace it. Suddenly now, social media has burst on the scene and wireless access has become ubiquitous. The result is a renewed research interest in a family of see-through head-worn displays (HWDs) enabling real-time interaction throughout the global community.

See-through HWD design inherently requires an interdisciplinary approach; optical engineering, opto-mechanics, ergonomics, and psychology all being keys to the design process. The last decade has seen a game changing technology emerge, the organic light emitting display (OLED), replacing what was thought itself to be game changing, the light emitting diode (LED) illuminator combined with a liquid crystal display (LCD) or liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS) display, which in turn had replaced the initial technology, the mini-CRT. As this chapter comes to press, the first HD-format OLED displays are becoming available for prototype development. The industry is currently working to supply a system that will receive widespread consumer acceptance (meaning millions of units need to be manufacturable in a period of months once a design point is selected). The system must be low cost (hundreds of dollars to the buyer), and approach an eyeglass format with resolution that approaches that of the human visual system extending into the peripheral FOV.

This chapter will first motivate the potential benefits of HWDs, especially in see-through mode, and examine key technology paths that build on historical highlights. Market barriers to the emergence of eyewear format HWDs will next be highlighted. We will then review optical architectures for see-through HWDs and key factors and functions required of a successful see-through HWD. Specifically, building on fundamentals of optical design, the key engineering concepts and constraints will be presented and solutions discussed. Particular emphasis will be placed on differentiating the concept of an eye pupil and an operational eyebox. Next, the Lagrange invariant (LI), which sets fundamental limits in the optical design of HWDs, will be examined. Following the presentation of see-through HWDs, two differentiated solutions will be presented; the head-mounted (worn) projection display (HMPD) and the retinal scanning display (RSD). The chapter will conclude with a brief discussion of current research that may affect the solution that the market selects, we might predict by 2020.

Keywords

  • Augmented Reality
  • Pixel Count
  • Input Coupler
  • Exit Pupil
  • Holographic Optical Element

These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

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Abbreviations

AHMD:

Advanced Helmet Mounted Display

AlInGaP:

Aluminum indium Gallium Phosphide

ARPA:

Advanced Research Projects Agency

AR:

Augmented Reality

CGH:

Computer Generated Hologram

CM:

Center of Mass

CRT:

Cathode Ray Tube

D-MLA:

Dual Microlenslet Array

DOE:

Diffractive Optical Element

EBE:

Eyebox Expansion

FLCoS:

Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal on Silicon

FLIR:

Forward-Looking Infrared

FOV:

Field of View

GaN:

Gallium Nitride

GPS:

Global Positioning System

HD:

High Definition

HIDSS:

Helmet Integrated Display Sight System

HMD:

Head or Helmet-Mounted Display

HMPD:

Head-Mounted Projection Display

HOE:

Holographic Optical Element

HWD:

Head-Worn Display

HWV:

Head-Worn Video

IHADSS:

Integrated Helmet and Display Sighting System (IHADSS)

IPD:

Interpupillary Distance

InGaN:

Indium Gallium Nitride

LCD:

Liquid Crystal Display

LCoS:

Liquid Crystal on Silicon

LED:

Light Emitting Diode

LI:

Lagrange Invariant

MEMS:

Micro-Electro-Mechanical System

MLA:

Microlens Array

MR:

Mixed Reality

NA:

Numerical Aperture

ODALab:

Optical Diagnostic and Applications Laboratory

OLED:

Organic Light Emitting Display

ORA:

Optical Research Associates

PDA:

Personal Digital Assistant

RGB:

Red–Green–Blue

RSD:

Retinal Scanning Display

SGR:

Substrate-Guided Relay

TIR:

Total Internal Reflection

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA

    Jannick P. Rolland

  2. Synopsys, Inc., Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA

    Kevin P. Thompson

  3. Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey

    Hakan Urey

  4. Microvision Inc., Redmond, WA, USA

    Mason Thomas

Authors
  1. Jannick P. Rolland
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  2. Kevin P. Thompson
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  3. Hakan Urey
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  4. Mason Thomas
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jannick P. Rolland .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan

    Janglin Chen

  2. Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK

    Wayne Cranton

  3. Veritas et Visus, Texas, USA

    Mark Fihn

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Rolland, J.P., Thompson, K.P., Urey, H., Thomas, M. (2012). See-Through Head Worn Display (HWD) Architectures. In: Chen, J., Cranton, W., Fihn, M. (eds) Handbook of Visual Display Technology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-79567-4_134

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