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Adenylyl Cyclases

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Encyclopedia of Molecular Pharmacology

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Synonyms

Adenylyl cyclase (preferred); Adenylate cyclase; Adenyl cyclase (original); ATP:pyrophosphate lyase; Cyclizing (E.C.4.6.1.1.)

Definition

Adenosine 3′:5′‐monophosphate (cAMP) regulates effects in all eukaryotic cells, principally through activation of cAMP‐dependent protein kinase (PKA), but also through cAMP‐gated ion channels (CNGs) and select guanine nucleotide exchange factors (Epacs) (Fig. 1). Cellular levels of cAMP levels reflect the balance of activities of adenylyl cyclases (AdCy: 5′‐ATP ⎨ cAMP + PPi) and cAMP phosphodiesterases (PDE: cAMP ⎨ 5′‐AMP). Adenylyl cyclases occur throughout the animal kingdom and play diverse roles in cell regulation [1].

Adenylyl Cyclases. Figure 1
figure 1_3

Synthesis, degradation, and actions of cAMP.

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Abbreviations

Ado:

adenosine

cAMP:

adenosine‐3′:5′ monophosphate

2′‐d‐Ado:

2′‐deoxyadenosine

2′‐d‐2‐F‐Ado:

2′‐deoxy‐2‐fluoro‐adenosine

3′‐d‐Ado:

3′‐deoxyadenosine (cordycepin)

2′,5′‐dd‐Ado:

2′,5′‐dideoxyadenosine

2′,3′‐dd‐Ado:

2′,3′‐dideoxyadenosine

2′,5′‐dd‐2‐F‐Ado:

2′,5′‐dideoxy‐2‐fluoro‐adenosine

2′,5′‐dd‐2,5′‐di‐F‐Ado:

2′,5′‐dideoxy‐5′‐fluoro‐2‐fluoro‐adenosine

9‐CP‐Ade:

9‐(cyclopentyl)‐adenine

9‐THF‐Ade:

9‐(tetrahydrofuryl)‐adenine (SQ22,536)

9‐Ara‐Ade:

9‐(arabinofuranosyl)‐adenine

9‐Xyl‐Ade:

9‐(xylofuranosyl)‐adenine

2′‐d‐Xyl‐Ade:

9‐(2‐deoxyxylosyl)‐adenine

2′,5′‐dd‐Xyl‐Ade:

9‐(2,5‐dideoxyxylosyl)‐adenine

2′‐d‐3′‐AMP:

2′‐deoxyadenosine‐3′‐monophosphate

2′‐d‐3′‐ADP:

2′‐deoxyadenosine‐3′‐diphosphate

2′‐d‐3′‐ATP:

2′‐deoxyadenosine‐3′‐triphosphate

2′‐d‐3′‐AMPS:

3′‐(thiophosphoryl)‐2′‐deoxyadenosine

2′,5′‐dd‐3′‐AMP:

2′,5′‐dideoxyadenosine‐3′‐monophosphate

2′,5′‐dd‐3′‐ADP:

2′,5′‐dideoxyadenosine‐phos‐phate‐3′‐diphosphate

2′,5′‐dd‐3′‐ATP:

2′,5′‐dideoxyadenosine‐3′‐triphosphate

2′,5′‐dd‐3′‐A4P:

2′,5′‐dideoxyadenosine‐phos‐phate‐3′‐tetraphosphate

2′,5′‐dd‐3′‐AMPS:

3′‐(thiophosphoryl)‐2′,5′‐dideoxyadenosine

5′‐APP(CH2)P:

adenosine 5′‐(β(‐methylene)‐triphosphate

β‐L‐5′‐ATP:

β‐L‐adenosine‐5′‐triphosphate

β‐L‐2′,3′‐dd‐5′‐ATP:

β‐L‐2′,3′‐dideoxyadenosine‐5′‐triphosphate

PMEA:

9‐[(2‐phosphonylmethoxy(ethyl)]‐adenine

PMEApp:

9‐[(2‐diphosphorylphosphonylmethoxy(ethyl)]‐adenine

PMEAp(NH)p:

9‐[(2‐iminodiphosphorylphosphonylmethoxy(ethyl)]‐adenine

PMPA:

9‐[(2‐phosphonylmethoxy)propyl]‐adenine

PMPApp:

9‐[(2‐diphosphorylphosphonylmethoxy(propyl)]‐adenine

2′,5′‐dd‐3′‐AMP‐bis(Me‐SATE):

2′,5′‐dideoxyadenosine‐3′‐(acetyl‐2‐thioethyl)‐phosphate

2′,5′‐dd‐3′‐AMP‐bis(t‐Bu‐SATE):

2′,5′‐dideoxyadenosine‐3′‐(pivaloyl‐2‐thioethyl)‐phosphate

2′,5′‐dd‐3′‐AMP‐bis(Ph‐SATE):

2′,5′‐dideoxyadenosine‐3′‐(phenyl‐2‐thioethyl)‐phosphate

2′,5′‐dd‐2F‐Ado‐3′‐P‐bis(Me‐SATE):

2′,5′‐dd‐2‐fluoro‐adenosine‐3′‐(acetyl‐2‐thioethyl)‐phosphate

MANT‐5′‐GTPγS:

3′‐(2′)‐O‐N‐methylanthraniloyl‐guanosine‐5′‐[γ‐thio]triphosphate

MANT‐5′‐ITPγS:

3′‐(2′)‐O‐N‐methylanthraniloyl‐inosine‐5′[γ‐thio]triphosphate

MANT‐5′ATP:

3′‐(2′)‐O‐N‐methylanthraniloyl‐5′‐ATP

MANT‐5′GTP:

3′‐(2′)‐O‐N‐methylanthraniloyl‐5′‐GTP

3′‐MANT‐2′‐d‐5′‐ATP:

3′‐O‐N‐methylanthraniloyl‐2′‐deoxy‐5′‐ATP

3′‐7M4AMC‐2′‐d‐5′‐ATP:

3′‐(7‐methoxy‐4‐aminomethylcoumarinn)‐2′‐deoxy‐5′‐ATP

3′‐Dansyl‐2′‐d‐5′‐ATP:

3′‐(dansyl)‐2′‐deoxy‐5′‐ATP

2′,5′‐dd‐3′‐ADP‐(β‐7M4AMC):

2′,5′‐dideoxyadenosine‐{β‐(7‐methoxy‐4‐aminomethyl‐coumarin)}‐3′‐diphosphate

2′,5′‐dd‐3′‐ATP‐(γ‐7M4AMC):

2′,5′‐dideoxyadenosine‐{γ‐(7‐methoxy‐4‐aminomethyl‐coumarin)}‐3′‐triphosphate

2′,5′‐dd‐3′‐ATP‐(γ‐7A4AMC):

2′,5′‐dideoxyadenosine‐{γ‐(7‐amino‐4‐aminomethyl‐coumarin)}‐3′‐triphosphate

References

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York, NY, USA

    Roger A. Johnson

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  1. Roger A. Johnson
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Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Pharmakologisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, D‐69120, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, Heidelberg, Germany

    Stefan Offermanns (Professor) (Professor)

  2. Institut für Pharmakologie, Freie Universität Berlin, D‐14195, Thielallee 67–73, Berlin, Germany

    Walter Rosenthal (Professor) (Professor)

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© 2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York

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Johnson, R.A. (2008). Adenylyl Cyclases. In: Offermanns, S., Rosenthal, W. (eds) Encyclopedia of Molecular Pharmacology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-38918-7_3

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