Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Eco-Imperial Relations: The Roots of Dispossessive and Unequal Accumulation

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Book cover The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Imperialism and Anti-Imperialism

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Acosta, A. (2013). Extractivism and neoextractism: Two sides of the same curse. In M. Lang & D. Mokrani (Eds.), Beyond development: Alternative visions from Latin America. Amsterdam: Rosa Luxemburg Foundation and Transnational Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Agarwal, A., & Narain, S. (1991). Global warming in an unequal world: A case of environmental colonialism. New Dheli: Centre for Science and Environment.

    Google Scholar 

  • Akama, J. S., Maingi, S., & Camargo, B. A. (2011). Wildlife conservation, safari tourism and the role of tourism certification in Kenya: A postcolonial critique. Tourism Recreation Research, 36(3), 281–291.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Altvater, E. (2007). The social formation of capitalism, fossil energy, and oil-imperialism. Colloquium on the Economy, Society and Nature, Centre for Civil Society, University of KwaZulu Natal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anazagasty Rodríguez, J. (2015). Por razones prácticas y éticas. 80grados, December 18. http://www.80grados.net/por-razones-practicas-y-eticas/

  • Anazagasty Rodríguez, J. (2018). Juan Mari Brás y el Colonialismo Ambiental. 80grados, April 6. http://www.80grados.net/juan-mari-bras-y-el-colonialismo-ambiental/

  • Angus, I. (2016). Facing the Anthropocene: Fossil capitalism and the crisis of the earth system. New York: New York University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anker, P. (2001). Imperial ecology: Environmental order in the British empire, 1895–1945. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnold, D. (2015). Narrativizing nature. India, empire, and environment. In E. DeLoughrey, J. Didur, & A. Carrigan (Eds.), Global ecologies and the environmental humanities: Postcolonial approaches (pp. 35–50). New York: Taylor and Francis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atiles-Osoria, J. M. (2013). Environmental colonialism, criminalization and resistance: Puerto Rican mobilizations for environmental justice in the 21st century. Revista Crítica De Ciências Sociais, 6, 3–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Austin, A., & Phoenix, L. (2005). The neoconservative assault on the earth: The environmental imperialism of the bush administration. Capitalism Nature Socialism, 16(2), 25–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Babich, H., Davis, D. L., & Stotzky, G. (1981). DBCP a review. The Science of Total Environment, 17, 207–221.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bachram, H. (2004). Climate fraud and carbon colonialism: The new trade in greenhouse gases. Capitalism, Nature, Socialism, 15(4), 1–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barton, A. G. (2002). Empire forestry and the origins of environmentalism. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal. (1989). https://www.basel.int/Portals/4/Basel%20Convention/docs/text/BaselConventionText-e.pdf

  • Batel, S., & Devine-Wright, P. (2017). Energy colonialism and the role of the global in local responses to new energy infrastructures in the UK: A critical and exploratory empirical analysis. Antipode, 49(1), 3–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benedict, R., & Wohlers, D. W. (2018). Toxicological profile for 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane. Atlanta: Agency for Toxic Substances Disease Registry.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benjaminsen, T. A., & Bryceson, I. (2012). Conservation, green/blue grabbing and accumulation by dispossession in Tanzania. Journal of Peasant Studies, 39(2), 335–355.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berman-Santana, D. (1996). Kicking off the bootstraps: Environment, development, and community power in Puerto Rico. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berman-Santana, D. (2002). Resisting toxic militarism: Vieques versus the US Navy. Social Justice, 29(1/2), 37–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernstorff, A., Targulian, O., Schonstedt, A., & Puckett, J. (1993). Russia: The making of a waste colony. Greenpeace. http://www.skeptictank.org/treasure/GP4/RUSWST1.TXT. Accessed 23 May 2019.

  • Brand, U., Dietz, K., & Lang, M. (2016). Neo-Extractivism in Latin America–one side of a new phase of global capitalist dynamics. Ciencia Política, 11(21), 125–159.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brand, U., & Wissen, M. (2017). The imperial mode of living. In C. Spash (Ed.), Routledge handbook of ecological economics (pp. 152–161). London: Routledge.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Bullard, R. (1993). Introduction. In R. Bullard (Ed.), Confronting environmental racism: Voices from the grassroots (pp. 15–40) Boston: South End Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bullard, R. (2000). Dumping in Dixie: Race, class, and environmental quality. Boulder: Westview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bumpus, A. G., & Liverman, D. (2008). Accumulation by decarbonization and the governance of carbon offsets. Economic Geography, 84, 127–155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Büscher, B., & Fletcher, R. (2015). Accumulation by conservation. New Political Economy, 20(2), 273–298.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Byrne, J., Glover, L., & Martinez, C. (2002). A brief on environmental justice. In J. Byrne, L. Glover, & C. Martinez (Eds.), Environmental justice: Discourses in international political economy (pp. 3–17). New York: Transaction Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell-Dollaghan, K. (2014). The mob is secretly dumping nuclear waste across Italy and Africa. Gizmodo. https://gizmodo.com/the-mob-is-secretly-dumping-nuclear-waste-across-italy-1513190243. Accessed 1 Feb 2019.

  • Chambers, A. (2010, April 11). The fight against eco-imperialism. The Guardian.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, B., & Foster, J. B. (2009). Ecological imperialism and the global metabolic rift: Unequal exchange and the guano/nitrates trade. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 50(3–4), 311–334.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Colón-Rivera, J., Córdova-Iturregui, F., & Córdova-Iturregui, J. (2014). El proyecto de explotación minera en Puerto Rico nacimiento de la conciencia ambiental moderna. San Juan: Ediciones Huracán.

    Google Scholar 

  • Concepción, C. M. (1988). El Conflicto Ambiental y Su Potencial Hacia un Desarrollo Alternativo: El Caso de Puerto Rico [The environmental conflict and its potential for an alternative development: The case of Puerto Rico]. Ambiente y Desarrollo, 4, 125–135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Concepción, C. M. (1995). The origins of modern environmental activism in Puerto Rico in the 1960s. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 19(1), 112–128.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crosby, A. (1986). Ecological imperialism: The biological expansion of Europe, 900–1900. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Curtis, M. (2016). The new colonialism: Britain’s scramble for Africa’s energy and mineral resources. London: War on Want.

    Google Scholar 

  • Danielsson, B., & Danielsson, M. T. (1986). Poisoned reign: French nuclear colonialism in the Pacific (p. Penguin). New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dauvergne, P. (2016). Environmentalism of the rich. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, H., & Todd, Z. (2017). On the Importance of a Date, or Decolonizing the Anthropocene. ACME: An International E-Journal for Critical Geographies, 16(4).

    Google Scholar 

  • de Onís, C. M. (2018a). Energy colonialism powers the ongoing unnatural disaster in Puerto Rico. Frontiers in Communication, 3, 2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Onís, C. M. (2018b). Fueling and delinking from energy coloniality in Puerto Rico. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 46(5), 535–560.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Sousa Santos, B. (2018). The end of the cognitive empire: The coming of age of epistemologies of the south. Durham: Duke University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Del Bene, D., Scheidel, A., & Temper, L. (2018). More dams, more violence? A global analysis on resistances and repression around conflictive dams through co-produced knowledge. Sustainability Science, 13(3), 617–633.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DeLoughrey, E., Didur, J., & Carrigan, A. (2015). Introduction. A postcolonial environmental humanities. In E. DeLoughrey, J. Didur, & A. Carrigan (Eds.), Global ecologies and the environmental humanities: Postcolonial approaches (pp. 1–32). New York: Taylor and Francis.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Demaria, F. (2016). Can the poor resist capital? Conflicts over ‘accumulation by contamination’ at the ship breaking yard of Alang (India). In N. Ghosh, P. Mukhopadhyay, A. Shah, & M. Panda (Eds.), Nature, economy and society (pp. 273–304). New Delhi: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Di Muzio, T. (2015). Carbon capitalism. Energy, social reproduction and world order. London: Rowman & Littlefield International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Domínguez Cristóbal, C. (2006). Panorama histórico forestal de Puerto Rico. San Juan: Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico.

    Google Scholar 

  • Driessen, P. (2003). Eco-imperialism: Green power – Black death. Bellevue: Free Enterprise Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dyer, H. (2011). Eco-imperialism: Governance, resistance, hierarchy. Journal of International Relations and Development, 14(2), 186–212.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Endres, D. (2009). The rhetoric of nuclear colonialism: Rhetorical exclusion of American Indian arguments in the Yucca Mountain nuclear waste siting decision. Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies, 6(1), 39–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eriksen, M., Lebreton, L. C., Carson, H. S., Thiel, M., Moore, C. J., Borerro, J. C., ... Reisser, J. (2014). Plastic pollution in the world’s oceans: More than 5 trillion plastic pieces weighing over 250,000 tons afloat at sea. PloS One, 9(12), e111913.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Escobar A. (1995). Encountering development. The making and unmaking of the third world. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fairhead, J., & Leach, M. (1996). Misreading the African landscape: Society and ecology in a forest-savanna mosaic. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Fairhead, J., Leach, M., & Scoones, I. (2012). Green grabbing: A new appropriation of nature? Journal of Peasant Studies, 39(2), 237–261.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson, J., & Gupta, A. (2002). Spatializing states: Toward an ethnography of neoliberal governmentality. American Ethnologist, 29(4), 981–1002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foster, J. B. (2008). Peak oil and energy imperialism. Monthly Review, 60(3), 12–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foster, J. B., & Clark, B. (2004). Ecological imperialism: The curse of capitalism. Socialist Register, 40, 186–201.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galeano, E. (1971). Las Venas abiertas de América Latina. Madrid: Editores Siglo XXI.

    Google Scholar 

  • García Muñíz, H. (1983). U.S. military installations in Puerto Rico: Controlling the caribbean. In E. Meléndez & E. Meléndez (Eds.), Colonial dilemma: Critical perspectives on contemporary Puerto Rico (Vol. 53). Boston: South End Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garland, E. (2008). The elephant in the room: Confronting the colonial character of wildlife conservation in Africa. African Studies Review, 51(3), 51–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Global Witness. (2016). On dangerous ground. London. https://www.globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/environmental-activists/dangerous-ground/

  • Goldman, M. (2006). Imperial nature: The World Bank and struggles for social justice in the age of globalization. New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gonzalez, C. G. (2001). Beyond eco-imperialism: An environmental justice critique of free trade. Denver University Law Review, 78(4), 979–1016.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, T., & Webber, J. (2017, March 20). Profits, coercion, and resistance. An Introduction to the symposium on Blood of extraction: Canadian imperialism in Latin America. The Bullet. https://socialistproject.ca/2017/03/b1385/#continue

  • Greenpeace. (2010). The toxic ships. The Italian hub, the Mediterranean area and Africa. Rome: Greenpeace Italy.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grove, R. (1995). Green imperialism: Colonial expansion, tropical Island Edens and the origins of environmentalism, 1600–1860. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grove, R. H. (1996). Green imperialism: Colonial expansion, tropical island Edens and the origins of environmentalism, 1600–1860. Cambridge: University of Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gudynas, E. (2004). Concepciones de la Naturaleza en América Latina. In E. Gudynas (Ed.), Ecología, Economía y Ética del Desarrollo Sostenible. Montevideo: Coscoroba.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gustafson, B. (2017). The new energy imperialism in the Caribbean. NACLA Report on the Americas, 49(4), 421–428.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, C. M. (1994). Ecotourism in Australia, New Zealand and the South Pacific: Appropriate tourism or a new form of ecological imperialism? In E. Cater & G. Lowman (Eds.), Ecotourism: A sustainable option? (pp. 137–158). Chichester: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hardt, M. A., & Negri, A. (2000). Empire. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, D. (2003). The new imperialism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayward, M. W., Ripple, W. J., Kerley, G. I., Landman, M., Plotz, R. D., & Garnett, S. T. (2018). Neocolonial conservation: Is moving rhinos to Australia conservation or intellectual property loss. Conservation Letters, 11(1), 1–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hornborg, A. (1998). Towards an ecological theory of unequal exchange: Articulating world system theory and ecological economics. Ecological Economics, 25(1), 127–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ishiyama, N. (2003). Environmental justice and American Indian tribal sovereignty: Case study of a land–use conflict in Skull Valley, Utah. Antipode, 35(1), 119–139.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, B. R. (2015). Nuclear disaster. The Marshall Islands experience and lessons for a post-Fukushima world. In E. DeLoughrey, J. Didur, & A. Carrigan (Eds.), Global ecologies and the environmental humanities: Postcolonial approaches (pp. 140–161). New York: Taylor and Francis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keown, M. (2018). Waves of destruction: Nuclear imperialism and anti-nuclear protest in the indigenous literatures of the Pacific. Journal of Postcolonial Writing, 54(5), 585–600.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kirby, P. W., & Lora-Wainwright, A. (2015). Exporting harm, scavenging value: Transnational circuits of e-waste between Japan, China and beyond. Area, 47(1), 40–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klare, M. (2007). The Pentagon v. Peak Oil: How wars of the future may be fought just to run the machines that fight them. TomDispatch.com. http://www.tomdispatch.com/post/174810/michael_klare_the_pentagon_as_global_gas_guzzler. Accessed 25 April 2019.

  • Kumar, V. M. R. (2010). Green colonialism and forest policies in South India, 1800–1900. Global Environment, (5), 101–125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • LaDuke, W., & Churchill, W. (1985). Native America: The political economy of radioactive colonialism. The Journal of Ethnic Studies, 13(3), 107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lander, E. (Ed.). (2000). La colonialidad del saber: Eurocentrismo y ciencias sociales. Perspectivas latinoamericanas [the coloniality of knowledge: Eurocentrism and social sciences. Latin American perspectives]. Buenos Aires: CLACSO/UNESCO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liborion, M. (2018, November 1). Waste colonialism. Discard Studies. https://discardstudies.com/2018/11/01/waste-colonialism/

  • Livingstone. G. (2013). America’s Backyard: The United States and Latin America from the Monroe Doctrine to the War on Terror. London: Zed Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luxemburg, R. (2003/[1913]). The accumulation of capital (trans: Schwarzschild, A.). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyons, K., & Westoby, P. (2014). Carbon colonialism and the new land grab: Plantation forestry in Uganda and its livelihood impacts. Journal of Rural Studies, 36, 13–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Machado, H. (2014). La colonialidad del progresismo extractivista: el caso argentino. Radiografía ecobiopolítica de “la década ganada”. In M. G. González (Ed.), Extractivismo: Nuevos contextos de dominación y resistencias (pp. 67–102). La Paz: CEDIB.

    Google Scholar 

  • Machado, H. (2018). Potosi, el origen. Genealogia de la minería contemporanea. Buenos Aires: Derechos Sin Fronteras.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackenzie, J. M. (1988). The empire of nature: Hunting, conservation, and British imperialism. New York: Manchester University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martinez-Alier, J. (2002). The environmentalism of the poor: A study of ecological conflicts and valuation. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Martinez-Alier, J., Anguelovski, I., Bond, P., Del Bene, D., Demaria, F., et al. (2014). Between activism and science: Grassroots concepts for sustainability coined by environmental justice organizations. Journal of Political Ecology, 21, 19–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marx, K. (1967). In F. Engels (Ed.), Capital (Vol. I). New York: International Publishers Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Massol, A. (2019). El gas natural: otro sinónimo de esclavitud económica y energética [Natural gas: Another synonym of economic and energy slavery]. La Perla del Sur. https://www.periodicolaperla.com/el-gas-natural-otro-sinonimo-de-esclavitud-economica-y-energetica/. Accessed 13 Feb 2019.

  • Massol Deyá, A. (2015, September 15). Urge abolir la esclavitud energética. La Perla del Sur. http://www.periodicolaperla.com/imprescindible-abolir-la-esclavitud-energetica/

  • Mignolo, W., & Walsh, C. (2018). On decoloniality: Concepts, analytics, praxis. Durham: Duke University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Moe-Lobeda, C.D. (2016). Climate change as climate debt: Forging a Just Future. Journal of the Society of Christian Ethics, 36(1), 27–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mora, S. (2017). Mujeres afectadas por el nemagón: La organización para registrar el sufrimiento ambiental. Revista de Ciencias Sociales, 0(157), 115–128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, J. W. (2017). The capitalocene, Part I: On the nature and origins of our ecological crisis. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 44(3), 594–630.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moser, R. (2019) War is war on mother earth. Counterpunch.org. https://popularresistance.org/war-is-war-on-mother-earth/. Accessed 28 May 2019.

  • Navas, G., Mingorria, S., & Aguilar-González, B. (2018). Violence in environmental conflicts: The need for a multidimensional approach. Sustainability Science, 13(3), 649–660.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, R. (2003). Environmental colonialism: “Saving” Africa from Africans. The Independent Review, 8(1), 65–86. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/24562597

  • Neumann, R. P. (1995). Ways of seeing Africa: Colonial recasting of African society and landscape in Serengeti National Park. Cultural Geographies, 2(2), 149–169.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neumann, R. (2001). Africa’s “last wilderness”: Reordering space for political and economic control in colonial Africa. Africa, 71(4), 641–665.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nixon, R. (2011). Slow violence and the environmentalism of the poor. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Nkrumah, K. (1965). Neo-colonialism: The last stage of imperialism. London: Thomas Nelson & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pellow, D. N. (2007). Resisting global toxics: Transnational movements for environmental justice. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Pérez-Brignoli, H. (2006). El fonógrafo en los trópicos: Sobre el concepto de banana republic en la obra de O. Henry. Iberoamericana, I(23), 127–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pino Vargas, R., & EnvJustice. (2019, March 25). Swedish firm exported toxic waste to Chile. The Ecologist. https://theecologist.org/2019/mar/25/swedish-firm-exported-toxic-waste-hile?fbclid=IwAR3mAYTmr178tnquwW3ir8C7mc1X_HKl3ElEZ97g9SDAwSTpvsZ4oOa6cUk

  • Piper, L., & Sandlos, J. (2007). A broken frontier: Ecological imperialism in the Canadian north. Environmental History, 12(4), 759–795.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pratt, L. A. W. (2011). Decreasing dirty dumping? A reevaluation of toxic waste colonialism and the global management of transboundary hazardous waste. William & Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review, 35(2), 581–623.

    Google Scholar 

  • Puckett, J., Byster, L., Westervelt, S., Gutierrez, R., Davis, S., Hussain, A., & Dutta, M. (2002). Exporting harm: The high-tech trashing of Asia. Seattle: Basel Action Network (BAN) and Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quijano, A. (2000). Coloniality of power, eurocentrism and Latin America. Nepantla, 1(3), 533–580.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodney, W. (1973). How Europe underdeveloped Africa. London: Bogle-L’Ouverture Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, T. (2004). Unwelcome exposure. The Lancet, 364(9439), 1025–1026.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roy, B., & Martinez-Alier, J. (2019). Environmental justice movements in India: An analysis of the multiple manifestations of violence. Ecology, Economy and Society, 2(1), 77–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rutazibwa, O. U., & Shilliam, R. (2018). Introduction. In O. U. Rutazibwa & R. Shilliam (Eds.), Routledge handbook of postcolonial politics. London: Routledge.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Salvador, R. N. (1998). Nuclear colonialism and environmental racism: An indigenous perspective. Unpublished NGO Statement to the Second Preparatory Committee of the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 2000. Geneva, Switzerland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Santiago, R. (2012). Imminent and substantial endangerment to human health and the environment from use of coal ash as fill material at construction sites in Puerto Rico: A case study. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 37, 389–396.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Slutsky, M., Levin, J. L., & Levy, B. S. (1999). Azoospermia and oligospermia among a large cohort of DBCP applicators in 12 countries. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health. https://doi.org/10.1179/oeh.1999.5.2.116.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stebbins, K. R. (1993). Garbage imperialism: Health implications of dumping hazardous wastes in third world countries. Medical Anthropology, 15(1), 81–102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Svampa, M. (2015). Commodities consensus: Neoextractivism and enclosure of the commons in Latin America. South Atlantic Quarterly, 114(1), 65–82. The 1960s International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 19(1): 112–128.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • The Guardian. (2007). Rich nations accused of ‘green imperialism’. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jun/25/china.environment

  • Thrupp, L. A. (1988). Pesticides and policies: Approaches to pest-control dilemmas in Nicaragua and Costa Rica. Latin American Perspectives, 15(4), 37–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Veltmeyer, H. (2013). The political economy of natural resource extraction: A new model or extractive imperialism? Canadian Journal of Development Studies/Revue Canadienne D’études Du Dévelopement, 34(1), 79–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walsh, C. (2011). The (De)Coloniality of knowledge, life and nature: The North America-Andean free trade agreement, indigenous movements and regional alternatives. In J. Shefner, & P. Fernandez Kelly (Eds.), Globalization and beyond: New examinations of global power and its alternatives (pp. 228–249). Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watts, M. (2008). Imperial oil: The anatomy of a Nigerian oil insurgency. Erkunde, 62(1), 27–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Webb, W. (2017). U.S. military is world’s biggest polluter. EcoWatch. https://www.ecowatch.com/military-largest-polluter-2408760609.html. Accessed 15 June 2018.

  • White, B., Borras, S. M., Jr., Hall, R., Scoones, I., & Wolford, W. (2012). The new enclosures: Critical perspectives on corporate land deals. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 39(3–4), 619–647.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whorton, D., Krauss, R. M., Marshall, S., & Milby, T. H. (1977). Infertility in male pesticide workers. The Lancet, 2(8051), 1259–1261. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/73955

  • Whyte, K. (2017). Indigenous climate change studies: Indigenizing futures, decolonizing the Anthropocene. English Language Notes, 55(1), 153–162.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wood, T. E., González, G., Silver, W. L., Reed, S. C., & Cavaleri, M. A. (2019). On the shoulders of giants: Continuing the legacy of large-scale ecosystem manipulation experiments in Puerto Rico. Forests, 10(3), 210.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yenneti, K., Day, R., & Golubchikov, O. (2016). Spatial justice and the land politics of renewables: Dispossessing vulnerable communities through solar energy mega-projects. Geoforum, 76, 90–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zaitchick, A. (2018, July 16). How conservation became colonialism. Foreign Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/07/16/how-conservation-became-colonialism-environment-indigenous-people-ecuador-mining/issue

  • EJAtlas (2019b) Nuclear colonialism and French nuclear tests, Polynesia .https://ejatlas.org/conflict/french-nuclear-tests-in-polynesia

Cases from EJAtlas

Download references

Acknowledgments

Gustavo García López thanks Natalia Hilario De La Cruz, student at the University of Puerto Rico, for her contribution to the literature review of the paper, and the UPR’s Training Academic Experience Program (PEAF) for its financial support. Grettel Navas acknowledges the support from the European Research Council (ERC) Advanced Grant ENVJustice (No. 695446). Both the authors also wish to acknowledge the copyediting done at SPi Global for their professionalism.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate School of Planning, University of Puerto Rico-Rio Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico

    Gustavo A. García López

  2. Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

    Grettel Navas

Authors
  1. Gustavo A. García López
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Grettel Navas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gustavo A. García López .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate Center for Worker Education, Brooklyn College, New York, NY, USA

    Immanuel Ness

  2. Independent Scholar, Belfast, UK

    Zak Cope

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

García López, G.A., Navas, G. (2019). Eco-Imperial Relations: The Roots of Dispossessive and Unequal Accumulation. In: Ness, I., Cope, Z. (eds) The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Imperialism and Anti-Imperialism. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91206-6_28-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91206-6_28-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-91206-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-91206-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference HistoryReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Humanities

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation