Abstract
The Caucasus is generally regarded as the area situated between the Black and Caspian seas, including parts of Southern Russia, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and small parts of Turkey and Iran, and comprises the largest mountain system treated in this volume. The Greater Caucasus harbors Europe’s highest mountain, Mt. Elbrus, with 5642 m in the western part of the Greater Caucasus (Fig. 1). The North Caucasus (Ciscaucasia) includes parts of Georgia (especially in Khevsureti, Pshavi, and Tusheti) as well as parts of the Republics of Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachay-Cherkessia, Ingushetia, North Ossetia, Chechnya and Dagestan of the Russian Federation, and the Southern (Trans) Caucasus. The Lesser Caucasus comprises parts of Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and small parts of Turkey and Iran (Fig. 2) (Bussmann 2017; Bussmann et al. 2016a, b, c, d, 2017a, b, 2018).
References
Adler DS, Bar-Oz G. Seasonal patterns of prey acquisition during the Middle and Upper Paleolithic of the southern Caucasus. In: Hublin JJ, Richards M, editors. The evolution of hominid diets: integrating approaches to the study of Palaeolithic subsistence. Leipzig: Springer; 2009. p. 127–40.
Akhalkatsi M. Conservation and sustainable use of crop wild relatives in Samtskhe- Javakheti. Final report. Tbilisi: Elkana; 2009.
Akhalkatsi M, Ekhvaia J, Mosulishvili M, Nakhutsrishvili G, Abdaladze O, Batsatsashvili K. Reasons and processes leading to the erosion of crop genetic diversity in mountainous regions of Georgia. Mt Res Dev. 2010;30(3):304–10.
Akhalkatsi M, Ekhvaia J, Asanidze Z. Diversity and genetic erosion of ancient crops and wild relatives of agricultural cultivars for food: implications for nature conservation in Georgia (Caucasus). In: Tiefenbacher J, editor. Perspectives on nature conservation – patterns, pressures and prospects. Zagreb: InTech; 2012.
Badr A, Müller K, Schäfer-Pregl R, El Rabey H, Effgen S, Ibrahim HH, Pozzi C, Rohde W, Salamini F. On the origin and domestication history of barley (Hordeum vulgare). Mol Biol Evol. 2000;17(4):499–510.
Bedoshvili D. National report on the state of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture in Georgia. 2008. http://www.pgrfa.org/gpa/geo/Georgian report on State of PGR Sep 29, 2008.pdf.
Bussmann RW, editor. 2017. Ethnobotany of the Caucasus. Heidelberg: Springer International Publishing XXVII, 746p. ISBN 978-3-319-49411-1.
Bussmann RW, Paniagua-Zambrana NY, Sikharulidze S, Kikvidze Z, Kikodze D, Jinjikhadze T, Shanshiashvili T, Chelidze D, Batsatsashvili K, Bakanidze N. Wine, beer, snuff, medicine and loss of diversity – ethnobotanical travels in the Georgian Caucasus. Ethnobot Res Appl. 2014;12:237–313.
Bussmann RW, Paniagua Zambrana NY, Sikharulidze S, Kikvidze Z, Kikodze D, Tchelidze D, Khutsishvili M, Batsatsashvili K, Hart RE. A comparative ethnobotany of Khevsureti, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Tusheti, Svaneti, and Racha-Lechkhumi, Republic of Georgia (Sakartvelo), Caucasus. J Ehnobiol Ethnomed. 2016a;12:43. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-016-0110-2.
Bussmann RW, Paniagua Zambrana NY, Sikharulidze S, Kikvidze Z, Kikodze D, Tchelidze D, Batsatsashvili K, Hart RE. Medicinal and food plants of Svaneti and Lechkhumi, Sakartvelo (Republic of Georgia), Caucasus. Med Aromat Plants. 2016b;5:5.
Bussmann RW, Paniagua Zambrana NY, Sikharulidze S, Kikvidze Z, Kikodze D, Tchelidze D, Khutsishvili M, Batsatsashvili K, Hart RE, Pieroni A. Your poison in my pie – the use of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) leaves in Sakartvelo, Georgia (Caucasus) and Gollobordo, Eastern Albania. Econ Bot. 2016c;70(4):431–7.
Bussmann RW, Paniagua Zambrana NY, Sikharulidze S, Kikvidze Z, Kikodze D, Tchelidze D, Khutsishvili M, Batsatsashvili K, Hart RE. Medicinal and food plants of Tusheti, Khevsureti and Pshavi, Sakartvelo (Republic of Georgia), Caucasus. Acta Soc Bot Pol. 2016d.
Bussmann RW, Paniagua Zambrana NY, Sikharulidze S, Kikvidze Z, Kikodze D, Tchelidze D, Batsatsashvili K, Hart RE. Plants in the spa – the medicinal plant market of Borjomi, Sakartvelo (Republic of Georgia), Caucasus. Indian J Tradit Knowl. 2017a;16(1):25–34.
Bussmann RW, Paniagua Zambrana NY, Sikharulidze S, Kikvidze Z, Kikodze D, Tchelidze D, Batsatsashvili K, Hart RE. Ethnobotany of Samtskhe-Javakheti, Sakartvelo (Republic of Georgia), Caucasus. Indian J Tradit Knowl. 2017b;16(1):7–24.
Bussmann RW, Paniagua Zambrana NY, Sikharulidze S, Kikvidze Z, Kikodze D, Tchelidze D, Batsatsashvili K, Hart RE. Ethnobotany of Samtskhe-Javakheti, Sakartvelo (Republic of Georgia), Caucasus. Indian J Tradit Knowl. 2017c;16(1):7–24.
Bussmann RW, Paniagua Zambrana NY, Sikharulidze S, Kikvidze Z, Kikodze D, Tchelidze D, Khutsishvili M, Batsatsashvili K, Hart RE. Plant and fungal use in Tusheti, Khevsureti and Pshavi, Sakartvelo (Republic of Georgia), Caucasus. Acta Soc Bot Pol. 2017d;86(2):3517. https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp.3517.
Bussmann RW, Paniagua Zambrana NY, Sikharulidze S, Kikvidze Z, Kikodze D, Tchelidze D, Batsatsashvili K, Hart RE. Unequal brothers – plant and fungal use in Guria and Racha, Sakartvelo (Republic of Georgia), Caucasus. Indian J Tradit Knowl. 2018;17(1):7–33.
Buxbaum JC. Plantarum minis cognitarum centuria complectens plantas circa Byzantium & in oriente observatas, vol. I–V. Pertropoli: Ex typographia Academiae; 1728–1740.
Chardin J. Journal de Voyage de Chevalier Jean Chardin en Perse. Paris: Daniel Horthemels; 1686.
Dekaprelevich L, Menabde V. Study of cereal cultivars in Georgia. I. Racha. Sci Pap Appl Sect Tbilisi Bot Gard. 1929;6(2):219–52. (in Russian).
Delaporte AJ. La Sibériie – Nouvelle Zemble – la Russie. Vol. II in Le Voyageur Francois ou la Connoissance d l’Ancien et du Nouveau Monde. Paris: I. Cellot; 1768.
Doluchanov A. Rastitel’nost’Gruzii, Lesa (the vegetation of Georgia forests). Tbilisi: Metsniereba; 1989. (in Russian).
Finlayson C. Biogeography and evolution of the genus Homo. Trends Ecol Evol. 2005;20(8):457–63.
Gabunia L, Vekua AA. Plio-Pleistocene hominid from Dmanisi, East Georgia, Caucasus. Nature. 1995;373(6514):509–12.
Gabunia L, Vekua A, Swisher CC, Ferring R, Justus A, Nioradze M, Ponce de Leon M, Tappen M, Tvalchrelidze M, Zollikofer C. Earliest Pleistocene hominid cranial remains from Dmanisi, Republic of Georgia: taxonomy, geological setting, and age. Science. 2000;288(5578):85–9.
Gagnidze I, Gviniashvili T, Shetekauri S, Margalitadze N. Endemic genera of the Caucasian flora. Feddes Repertorium. 2002;113:616–30.
Galushko AI. Flora Severnogo Kavkaza: Opredelitel’, 1–3. (Flora of the North Caucasus. A guide, vols. 1–3). Rostov on Don: Rostov University; 1978–1981. (in Russian).
Gogolishvili MA, Skhiereli VS. Tsentralnyi Botanicheskii Sad Akademii Nauk Gruzinskoi SSR. Kratkaia Istoria. (The Central Botanical Garden of the Academy of Sciences of the Georgian SSR: a brief history). Tbilisi: Metzniereba; 1986. (in Russian).
Grossheim AA. Flora Kavkaza. [Flora of the Caucasus], vol. I–IV. Tifkis: Akademia Nauk; 1928–1934. (in Russian).
Grossheim AA. Flora Kavkaza. [Flora of the Caucasus], vol. I–VII. Baku: Nauka; 1939–1967. (in Russian).
Grossheim AA. Medicinal plants of Azerbaijan. Baku: Publishing house of Azerbaijani Branch of AS; 1942. (in Russian).
Grossheim AA. Herbs of the Caucasus. Baku: Azerbaijani Branch of AS of Azerbaijani SSR; 1943. (in Russian).
Grossheim AA. Plant resources of the Caucasus. Baku: Publishing house of AS of Azerbaijani SSR; 1946. (in Russian).
Grossheim AA. Opredelitel’ rasteniy Kavkaza. (Manual of the Caucasian plants). Moscow: Sovietskaia Nauka; 1949. (in Russian).
Grossheim AA. Plant richness of the Caucasus. Moscow: Russian Academy of Sciences; 1952. (in Russian).
Javakhishvili I. Economic history of Georgia, vol. 5. 2nd ed. Tbilisi: Metsniereba; 1987. (in Georgian).
Ketskhoveli N. Materials on zonal distribution of cultivated plants in the Greater Caucasus. Tbilisi: Agricultural National Committee Press; 1928. (in Georgian).
Ketskhoveli N. Zones of cultivated plants in Georgia. Tbilisi: Georgian Academy of Sciences Press; 1957. (in Georgian).
Ketskhoveli N, Ramishvili M, Tabidze D. Amphelography of Georgia. Tbilisi: Georgian Academy of Sciences Press; 1960. (in Georgian).
Livinskaya S, Murtazaliev R. Kavkazski Element vo Flore Rossiskogo, Kavkaza: Geographia, Sozologia, Ekologia. (The Caucasian elements within the Flora of the Russian Caucasus: geography, sociology, ecology). Krasnodar: Kuban State University; 2009. (in Russian).
Melikishvili G, editor. Historical essays of Georgia. Tbilisi: Metsniereba; 1970. (in Georgian).
Menabde V. Barleys of Georgia. Tbilisi: Georgian Academy of Sciences Press; 1938. (in Georgian).
Menabde V. Wheats of Georgia. Tbilisi: Georgian Academy of Sciences Press; 1948. (in Russian).
Menitzky YI. Oaks of Asia. Enfield: Science Publishers; 2005.
Nakhutsrishvili G. The vegetation of Georgia (Caucasus). Braun-Blanquetia. 1999;15:1–74.
Nakhutsrishvili G. The vegetation of Georgia (South Caucasus). Stuttgart: Springer; 2012.
Nakhutsrishvili G, Akhalkatsi M, Abdaladze O. Main threats to the mountain biodiversity in Georgia (the Caucasus). Mt Forum Bull. 2009;9(2):18–9.
Pistrick K, Akhalkatsi M, Girgvliani T, Shanshiashvili T. Collecting plant genetic resources in Upper Svaneti (Georgia, Caucasus Mountains). J Agric Rural Dev Trop Subtrop. 2009;92(Suppl):127–35.
Ramishvili R. Wild grape of the South Caucasus, vol. 1988. Tbilisi: Ganatleba; 1988. (in Russian).
Rikli M. Das Pflanzenkleid der Mittehneerland, vol. 1. Bern: H. Huber; 1943.
Schatz G, Shulkina T, Nakhutsrishvili G, Batsatsashvili K, Tamanyan K, Ali-zade V, Kikodze D, Geltman D, Ekim T. Development of plant red list assessments for the Caucasus biodiversity hotspot. In: Zazanashvili N, Mallon D, editors. Status and protection of globally threatened species in the Caucasus. Tbilisi: Contour Ltd; 2009. p. 188–92.
Takhtajan AL, editor. Caucasian Flora Conspectus, vol. 1–3. St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg University Press; 2003–2012. (in Russian).
This P, Lacombe T, Thomas MR. Historical origins and genetic diversity of wine grapes. Trends Genet. 2006;22(9):511–9.
von Bieberstein FAM. Flora tauro-caucasica exhibens stirpes phanaerogamas in Chersoneso Taurica et regionibus caucasicis sponte crescents…, vol. 1–3. Chaecoiae (Kharkov): Typis Academicis; 1808–1819.
Zazanishvili N, Sanadiradze G, Bukhnikashvili A. Caucasus. In: Mittermeier RA, Myers N, Gil PG, Mittermeier CG, editors. Hotspots: Earth’s biologically richest and most endangered terrestrial ecoregions. New York: Conservation International; 1999. p. 269–73.
Zazanishvili N, Gagnidze R, Nakhutsrishvili G. Main type of vegetation zonation on the mountains of the Caucasus. Acta Phytogeographica Suecia. 2000;85:7–16.
Zhizhizlashvili K, Berishvili T. Study of cultivated plants in Upper Svaneti. Bull Georgian Acad Sci. 1980;100(2):417–9. (in Georgian).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Bussmann, R.W. et al. (2019). Ethnobotany of Mountain Regions: Far Eastern Europe. In: Batsatsashvili, K., Kikvidze, Z., Bussmann, R. (eds) Ethnobotany of the Mountain Regions of Far Eastern Europe . Ethnobotany of Mountain Regions. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77088-8_1-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77088-8_1-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-77088-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-77088-8
eBook Packages: Springer Reference Biomedicine and Life SciencesReference Module Biomedical and Life Sciences