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The History and Historiography of Eugenics

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Handbook of the Historiography of Biology

Part of the book series: Historiographies of Science ((HISTSC,volume 1))

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Abstract

Historical research on eugenics has sustained itself as innovative and constantly raising new social, gender, epidemiological, and cultural perspectives for investigation since the 1970s. The history of eugenics has been one of the most dynamic and challenging areas within the history of biology and history of modern science. As history of medicine moved from marginality to entering the historical mainstream, the history of eugenics provided critical new perspectives in modern social history. Once it was realized that eugenics was not a prerogative of the right but part of the process of transition to welfare in a modern society, multiple avenues for historical investigation opened. There was a wide spectrum in terms of political and religious affiliation, and accordingly eugenic ideas showed considerable variation concerning reproductive choice. This was apparent as feminists and sexual reformers developed more libertarian forms of eugenics and clashed with authoritarian advocates of family policy and reproductive controls. Scientific positions varied and innovated in line with ongoing research in a plethora of disciplines from anatomy to zoology. A range of medical specializations such as endocrinology, gynecology, psychiatry, and venereology as well as statistics and physical anthropology have been of relevance to achieving the health and fitness of future generations. Eugenics offered modern, scientifically based “solutions” to crime, poverty, and social deviancy. The eugenics discourse becomes complex with diverse positions on the questions of race, birth control entitlement, and welfare benefits. From a methodological point of view, discourse risks ignoring how context and social processes shape meaning, overlooks issues of impact, and can amount to little more than an old fashioned narrative of intellectual progress. One challenge is to look beyond discourse to such social processes as professionalization and the construction of welfare institutions and practices. Eugenics provides insight into wider social transformations showing how science represented differing social agendas.

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  1. Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK

    Paul Weindling

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  1. Paul Weindling
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  1. HPS Dept, 1017 Cathedral of Learning, University of Pittsburgh HPS Dept, 1017 Cathedral of Learning, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

    Michael Dietrich

  2. University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA

    Mark Borrello

  3. Tel Aviv, Israel

    Oren Harman

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Weindling, P. (2018). The History and Historiography of Eugenics. In: Dietrich, M., Borrello, M., Harman, O. (eds) Handbook of the Historiography of Biology. Historiographies of Science, vol 1. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74456-8_9-1

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