Skip to main content

Risk Adjustment: Applications in Healthcare Markets

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Encyclopedia of Gerontology and Population Aging
  • 102 Accesses

Synonyms

Case-mix differences

Definition

Risk adjustment is a method to predict healthcare resource or service use or health outcome differences among individuals for a fixed period of time (usually 1 year).

Overview

Risk adjustment is a method that uses individual-level relevant and available information to predict individuals’ healthcare needs and costs and to use this information in allocating funds to competing health plans or healthcare providers. Usually it is used to predict healthcare utilizations or costs for the next year.

While risk adjustment has been used to predict the differences in severity of patients when comparing patient outcomes across providers (Majeed et al. 2001; Iezzoni 1997a, b), its primary purpose in the USA has been to adjust capitation or other forms of payments to health insurance plans or health providers such as family practice, physician groups, or hospitals (Majeed et al. 2001; Rice and Smith 2001; Van de Ven and Ellis 2000). It is extensively...

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Ash AS, Mick EO, Ellis RP, Kiefe CI, Allison JJ, Clark MA (2017) Social determinants of health in managed care payment formulas. JAMA internal medicine, 177(10):1424–1430. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.3317

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown J, Duggan M, Kuziemko I, Woolston W (2014) How does risk selection respond to risk adjustment? New evidence from the Medicare Advantage program. Am Econ Rev 104(10):3335–3364

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carey C (2017) Technological change and risk adjustment: benefit design incentives in Medicare Part D. Am Econ J Econ Pol 9(1):38–73

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) (2011) Medicare program; hospital inpatient value-based purchasing program. Final rule. Fed Regist 76(88):26490–26547

    Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) (2018) Report to congress: risk adjustment in Medicare Advantage. Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services Publications, Baltimore

    Google Scholar 

  • Cutler DM, Zeckhauser RJ (1998) Adverse selection in health insurance. Forum for Health Economics & Policy 1(1):1–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellis RP (2008) Risk adjustment in health care markets: concepts and applications. In: Lu M, Jonsson E (eds) Financing health care: new ideas for a changing society. Wiley-Blackwell, Canada, pp 177–219

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellis RP, Layton TJ (2014) Risk selection and risk adjustment. In: Culyer AJ (ed) Encyclopedia of health economics. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 289–298

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis RP, Martins B, Rose S (2018) Risk adjustment for health plan payment. In: McGuire TG, Van Kleef RC (eds) Risk adjustment, risk sharing and premium regulation in health insurance markets. Academic, Cambridge, MA, pp 55–104

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Iezzoni LI (1997a) The risks of risk adjustment. JAMA 278(19):1600–1607

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Iezzoni LI (ed) (1997b) Risk adjustment for measuring health care outcomes. Health Administration Press, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • Majeed A, Bindman AB, Weiner JP (2001) Use of risk adjustment in setting budgets and measuring performance in primary care II: advantages, disadvantages, and practicalities. BMJ 323(7313):607–610

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McWilliams JM, Hsu J, Newhouse JP (2012) New risk-adjustment system was associated with reduced favorable selection in Medicare Advantage. Health Aff 31(12):2630–2640

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Newhouse JP (1994) Patients at risk: health reform and risk adjustment. Health Aff 13(1):132–146

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Newhouse JP, Buntin MB, Chapman JD (1997) Risk adjustment and Medicare: taking a closer look. Health Aff 16(5):26–43

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pauly MV (1974) Overinsurance and public provision of insurance: the roles of moral hazard and adverse selection. Q J Econ 88(1):44–62

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pope GC, Ellis RP, Ash AS, Liu CF, Ayanian JZ, Bates DW, Burstin H, Iezzoni LI, Ingber MJ (2000) Principal inpatient diagnostic cost group model for Medicare risk adjustment. Health Care Financ Rev 21(3):93–118

    Google Scholar 

  • Pope GC, Kautter J, Ellis RP, Ash AS, Ayanian JZ, Iezzoni LI, Ingber MJ, Levy JM, Robst J (2004) Risk adjustment of Medicare capitation payments using the CMS-HCC model. Health Care Financ Rev 25(4): 119–141

    Google Scholar 

  • Rice N, Smith PC (2001) Capitation and risk adjustment in health care financing: an international progress report. Milbank Q 79(1):81–113

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van de Ven WP, Ellis RP (2000) Risk adjustment in competitive health plan markets. In: Culyer AJ, Newhouse JP (eds) Handbook of health economics. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 755–845

    Google Scholar 

  • Van de Ven WP, Beck K, Buchner F, Chernichovsky D, Gardiol L, Holly A, Lamers LM, Schokkaert E, Shmueli A, Spycher S, Van de Voorde C (2003) Risk adjustment and risk selection on the sickness fund insurance market in five European countries. Health Policy 65(1):75–98

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van de Ven WP, Beck K, Van de Voorde C, Wasem J, Zmora I (2007) Risk adjustment and risk selection in Europe: 6 years later. Health Policy 83(2–3):162–179

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nazmi Sari .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Section Editor information

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Sari, N. (2019). Risk Adjustment: Applications in Healthcare Markets. In: Gu, D., Dupre, M. (eds) Encyclopedia of Gerontology and Population Aging. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69892-2_997-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69892-2_997-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-69892-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-69892-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference Biomedicine and Life SciencesReference Module Biomedical and Life Sciences

Publish with us

Policies and ethics