Skip to main content

Industrial Enzymes

  • Reference work entry
  • First Online:
  • 85 Accesses

Abstract

A wide range of enzymes is used in many industrial environments.

The primary risk that they present to human health is sensitization of the respiratory tract.

Proteolytic enzymes can give risk to skin irritation.

All enzymes have the potential to cause immunologic contact urticaria, although this is not common.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   919.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD   1,299.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Amaro C, Goossens A (2008) Immunological occupational contact urticaria and contact dermatitis from proteins: a review. Contact Dermatitis 58:67–75

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Amin S, Lahti A, Maibach HI (2008a) Contact urticaria and contact urticaria syndrome (immediate contact reactions). In: Zhai H, Wilhelm K-P, Maibach HI (eds) Dermatotoxicology, 7th edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 525–536

    Google Scholar 

  • Amin S, Lauerma A, Maibach HI (2008b) Diagnostic tests in dermatology: patch and photopatch testing and contact urticaria. In: Zhai H, Wilhelm K-P, Maibach HI (eds) Dermatotoxicology, 7th edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 581–586

    Google Scholar 

  • Basketter DA, York M, McFadden JP et al (2004) Determination of skin irritation potential in the human 4-h patch test. Contact Dermatitis 51:1–4

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Basketter DA, English J, Wakelin S et al (2008) Enzymes, detergents and skin: facts and fantasies. Br J Dermatol 158:1177–1181

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Basketter DA, Broekhuizen C, Fieldsend M et al (2010) Defining occupational and consumer exposure limits for enzyme protein respiratory allergens under REACH. Toxicology 268:165–170

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Basketter DA, Berg N, Kruszewski F, Sarlo KS (2012) The toxicology and immunology of detergent enzymes. J Immunotoxicol 9:314–319

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Basketter DA, Kruszewski F, Mathieu S, Kirchner DB, Panepinto A, Fieldsend M, Siegert V, Barnes F, Bookstaff R, Simonsen M, Concoby B (2015) Managing the risk of occupation allergy and asthma due to enzymes in the detergent industry. J Occup Environ Hyg 12:432–437

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein JA, Sarlo K (2006) Enzymes. In: Bernstein IL, Chan-Yeung M, Malo J-L, Bernstein DI (eds) Asthma in the workplace, 3rd edn. Taylor & Francis Group, New York, pp 377–392

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Cullinan P, Harris JM, Newman Taylor AJ et al (2000) An outbreak of asthma in a modern detergent factory. Lancet 356:1899–1900

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Draize JH, Woodard G, Calvery HO (1944) Methods for the study of imitation and toxicity of substances applied topically to the skin and mucous membranes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 82:377–390

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flindt ML (1969) Pulmonary disease due to inhalation of derivatives of Bacillus subtilis containing proteolytic enzyme. Lancet 1:1177–1181

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • HERA (2009a) Human and Environmental Risk Assessment 2005 α-amylases, cellulases and lipases, 1st edn. http://www.heraproject.com/files/38-F-Hera_Bridging_document_28.10.05.pdf. Accessed 9 June 2009

  • HERA (2009b) Human and Environmental Risk Assessment 2007 subtilisins, 2nd edn. http://www.heraproject.com/files/22-F-07_PROTEASE_HERA_Final%20Edition%20(unsecured%20-%20PDFA-1b).pdf. Accessed 9 June 2009

  • Hjorth N, Roed-Petersen J (1976) Occupational protein contact dermatitis in food handlers. Contact Dermatitis 2:28–42

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jirova D, Basketter D, Liebsch M et al (2010) Comparison of human skin irritation patch test data with in vitro skin irritation assays and animal data. Contact Dermatitis 62:109–116

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kanerva L, Tarvainen K (1990) Allergic contact dermatitis and contact urticaria from cellulolytic enzymes. Am J Contact Dermatitis 1:244–245

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kanerva L, Vanhanen M (1999) Occupational protein contact dermatitis from glucoamylase. Contact Dermatitis 41:171–173

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kanerva L, Vanhanen M (2001) Occupational allergic contact urticaria and rhinoconjunctivitis from a detergent protease. Contact Dermatitis 45:49–51

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kanerva L, Vanhanen M, Tupasela O (1997) Occupational allergic contact urticaria from fungal but not bacterial alpha-amylase. Contact Dermatitis 36:306–307

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kanerva L, Vanhanen M, Tupasela O (1998) Occupational contact urticaria from cellulase enzyme. Contact Dermatitis 38:176–177

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laukkanen A, Ruoppi P, Semes S (2007) Lactase-induced occupational protein contact dermatitis and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. Contact Dermatitis 57:89–93

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levin C, Warshaw E (2008) Protein contact dermatitis: allergens, pathogenesis and management. Dermatitis 19:241–251

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Medeiros S, Alves R, Santo R et al (2006) Bakers eczema and occupational asthma. Contact Dermatitis 55:49

    Google Scholar 

  • Morren M, Janssens V, Doom-Goossens A et al (1993) α-amylase, a flour additive: an important cause of protein contact dermatitis in bakers. J Am Acad Dermatol 29:723–728

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nicholson PJ, Newman-Taylor AJ, Oliver P et al (2001) Current best practice for the health surveillance of enzyme workers in the soap and detergent industry. Occup Med (Lond) 51:81–92

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • OECD (1992) Organisation for economic cooperation and development. Guidelines for testing of chemicals no 406. Skin sensitization. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • OECD (2002) Organisation for economic cooperation and development. Test guideline 429: the local lymph node assay. OECD, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  • Pepys J (1972) Laboratory methods in clinical allergy – skin tests for immediate, type I, allergic reactions. Proc R Soc Med 65:271–272

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pepys J, Longbottom JL, Hargreave FE et al (1969) Allergic reactions of the lungs to enzymes of Bacillus subtilis. Lancet 1:1181–1184

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peters G, Johnson GQ, Golembiewski A (2001) Safe use of detergent enzymes in the workplace. Appl Occup Environ Hyg 16:389–396

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson MK, Horn PA, Kawabata TT, Babcock LS, Fletcher ER, Sarlo K (1998) Use of the mouse intranasal test (MINT) to determine the allergenic potency of detergent enzymes: comparison to the guinea pig intratracheal (GPIT) test. Toxicol Sci 43:39–46

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sarlo K (2003) Control of occupational asthma and allergy in the detergent industry. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 90:32–34

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schweigert MK, Mackenzie DP, Sarlo K (2000) Occupational asthma and allergy associated with the use of enzymes in the detergent industry – a review of the epidemiology, toxicology and methods of prevention. Clin Exp Allergy 30:1511–1518

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simesen B, Wide L, Zachariae H (1976) Prick and radioallergosorbent tests (RAST) to Alcalase in a population not exposed to enzyme detergents. Acta Allergol 31:71–77

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith Pease CK, White IR, Basketter DA (2002) Skin as a route of exposure to protein allergens. Clin Exp Dermatol 27:296–300

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soto-Mera MT, Lopez-Rico MR, Filgueira JF et al (2000) Occupational allergy to papain. Allergy 55:983–984

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tarvainen K, Kanerva L, Tupasela O et al (1991) Allergy from cellulase and xylanase enzymes. Clin Exp Allergy 21:609–615

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wuthrich B (1996) Protein contact dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 135:332–333

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zachariae H, Thomsen K, Rasmussen OG (1973) Occupational enzyme dermatitis. Results of patch testing with Alcalase. Acta Derm Venereol 53:145–148

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to David A. Basketter .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Basketter, D.A., Raulf, M. (2020). Industrial Enzymes. In: John, S., Johansen, J., Rustemeyer, T., Elsner, P., Maibach, H. (eds) Kanerva’s Occupational Dermatology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68617-2_42

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68617-2_42

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-68615-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-68617-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineReference Module Medicine

Publish with us

Policies and ethics