Abstract
A ubiquitous feature of the modern world, management is also one of its more poorly understand institutions. Commonly, as evidenced in management textbooks, “management” is associated with four functions: planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. This section argues that this narrow view is in grievous error, encompassing as it does systems of work based on slavery and totalitarian control. Accordingly, we need to extend our definition to include five other characteristics. First, management – if it is properly fulfilling its functions – is attentive to costs, including the value it places on labor. Second, management involves maximizing “competitive advantage” built on firm and labor specialization. Third, output is directed toward competitive mass markets, markets that help sustain production based on specialization. Fourth, management can only properly function when it is supported by legal frameworks that guarantee contracts and protect property and individual rights. Finally, modern management is unlike that found in preindustrial societies based on hereditary privilege – and that found in totalitarian regimes – in that it deals with free labor vested with a genuine capacity for choose in deciding on both an occupation and an employer.
References
Barnard CI (1938) The functions of the executive. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA
Bartol K, Tein M, Mathews G, Martin D (2005) Management: a Pacific rim focus, 4th edn. McGraw-Hill, North Sydney
Braudel F (1946/1975a) The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean world in the age of Philip II, vol. 1. Torch Books, New York
Braudel F (1946/1975b) The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean world in the age of Philip II, vol. 2. Torch Books, New York
Braudel F (1982) Civilization and capitalism: The wheels of commerce. Harper & Row, 1982
Braverman H (1974) Labor and monopoly capital: the degradation of work in the twentieth century. Monthly Review Press, New York
Chandler AD Jr (1977) The visible hand: the managerial revolution in American business. Belknap Press, Cambridge, MA
Clapham JH (1930/1967) An economic history of modern Britain: The early railway age, 1820–1850. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Creighton A (2017) Unis falling to deliver for business. Australian
Cummings S, Bridgman T, Hassard J, Rowlinson M (2017) A new history of management. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Cunningham H (2011) Child labour’s global past 1650–2000. In: Lieten K, van Nederveen ME (eds) Child labour’s global past, 1650–2000. Peter Lang, Bern, pp 61–74
Deane P, Habakkuk HJ (1963) The take-off in Britain. In: Rostow WW (ed) The economics of take-off into sustained growth. Macmillan, London, pp 63–82
Drucker P (1963) The practice of management. Pan Books, London
Engels F (1892/1951) Preface of the 1892 edition: the condition of the working-class in England in 1844. In: Marx K, Engels F (eds) Selected works, vol. 2. Foreign Languages Publishing House, Moscow, pp. 368–380
Ferguson N (2011) Civilization: the West and the rest. Penguin Books, London
Foucault M (1980) Governmentality. In: Foucault M (trans: Gordon C, Marshall L, Mepham J, Soper K) Power/knowledge: selected interviews and other writings. Pantheon Books, New York, pp 1972–1977
Foucault M (1984) What is enlightenment? In: Rabinov P (ed) The Foucault reader. Penguin, London
Guterres A (2017) Report of the secretary-general on the work of the organization, 2017. United Nations, New York
Harbison F, Myers CA (1959) Management in the industrial world: an international analysis. McGraw-Hill, New York
Hobbes T (1651/2002) Leviathan. Broadway Press, Peterborough
Hume D (1739/1893) A treatise on human nature, vol. 3. Clarendon Press, Oxford
International Trade Union Confederation (2010) Internationally recognised core labour standards in the People’s Republic of China: report for the WTO council review of the trade policies of the People’s Republic of China, 12 May. https://www.ituc-csi.org/IMG/pdf/Chinal_Final-2.pdf. Accessed 12 Jan 2018
Kant I (1787/2007) Critique of pure reason. Penguin Classics, London
Keynes JM (1936/1973) The general theory of employment, interest and money. MacMillan, London
Kirby P (2011) The transition to working life in eighteenth and nineteenth-century England and Wales. In: Lieten K, van Nederveen ME (eds) Child labour’s global past, 1650–2000. Peter Lang, Bern, pp 119–136
Locke J (1680/1823) Two treatise on government. McMaster Archive of the History of Economic Thought, Toronto. http://www.yorku.ca/comninel/courses/3025pdf/Locke.pdf. Accessed 9 Jan 2018
Magnusson L (2009) Nation, state and the industrial revolution: the visible hand. Routledge, London
Marx K, Engels F (1848/1951) The communist manifesto. In: Marx K, Engels F (eds) Selected works, vol. 1. Foreign Languages Publishing House, Moscow, pp. 32–61
Miller P, O’Leary T (1987) Accounting and the construction of the governable person. Acc Organ Soc 12(3):235–265
Murphy P, Liao L, Welsch H (2006) A conceptual history of entrepreneurial thought. J Manag Hist 12(1):12–35
Nef JU (1932) The rise of the British coal industry, vol 2. Frank Cass & Co., London
O’Rourke K (1997) The European grain invasion, 1870–1913. J Econ Hist 57(4):775–801
Pollard S (1965) The genesis of modern management: a study of the industrial revolution in Great Britain. Edward Arnold, London
Rousseau JJ (1763/1979) Emile, or treatise on education. Penguin Classics, London
Schlogel M (2008/2012) Moscow 1937. Polity Press, Cambridge
Smith A (1776/1999) An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations. Penguin Classics, London
Stockwell C (2014) Same as it ever was: top ten most common college majors. USA Today College. http://college.usatoday.com/2014/10/26/same-as-it-ever-was-top-10-most-popular-college-majors/. Accessed 7 Dec 2018
Thomas H (1997) The slave trade: the history of the Atlantic slave trade 1440–1870. Picador, London
Thompson EP (1963) The making of the English working class. Penguin, London
Voltaire (1726/2002) Letters on England. Pennsylvania State University Electronic Series Publication, Hazleton
Webb S, Webb B (1920) The history of trade unionism, 1666–1920. Longmans, Green & Co., London
Weber M (1922/1927) General economic history. The Free Press, Glencoe
Weber M (1922/1978) Economy and society, vol. 2. University of California Press, Berkeley
Witzel M (2012) A history of management thought. Routledge, Abington
World Bank (2017) On-line database: indicators – agricultural and rural development. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.DDAY?end=2016&start=1981&view=chart. Accessed 8 Nov 2017
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 The Author(s)
About this entry
Cite this entry
Bowden, B. (2018). What Is Management?. In: Bowden, B. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Management History. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62348-1_4-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62348-1_4-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-62348-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-62348-1
eBook Packages: Springer Reference Business and ManagementReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Business, Economics and Social Sciences