Abstract
This chapter is about management philosophy and practice in the Middle East. It argues that, unlike in other multi-country regions such as Europe or Asia, the Middle East does have a unique, distinctively non-Western, governance blueprint. In prosecuting its case, the chapter proposes that geographical conceptions do little to aid understanding the Arab world. Rather, the influence of Islamic history and the circumstance of oil discovery in the twentieth century is pivotal in creating a conception of the Middle East. This view deemphasizes jurisdictions and civic (secular) identity. The chapter examines three partially overlapping instantiations of the Middle Eastern management construct: the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), the Gulf States generally (GCC), and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). It proposes that the first of these instantiations – which, in key ways, most approximates fidelity to Islam – is where the analyst can best appreciate the philosophical underpinnings of Middle Eastern management.
For several years the author held professional jobs in Middle Eastern countries.
References
Abdalla IA, Al-Homoud M (1995) A survey of management training and development practices in the State of Kuwait. J Manag Dev 14(3):14–25
Achoui MM (2009) Human resource development in Gulf countries: an analysis of the trends and challenges facing Saudi Arabia. Hum Resour Dev Int 12(1):35–46
Afiouni F, Karam CM, El-Hajj H (2013) The HR value proposition model in the Arab Middle East: identifying the contours of an Arab Middle-Eastern HR model. Int J Hum Resour Manag 24(10):1895–1932
Afiouni F, Ruël H, Schuler R (2014) HRM in the Middle East: toward a greater understanding. Int J Hum Resour Manag 25(2):133–143
Al Bahar AA, Peterson SE, Taylor WGK (1996) Managing training and development in Bahrain: the influence of culture. J Manag Psychol 11(5):26–32
Al Bayan (2008) www.albayan.ae3servlet/Satelllite?c=Article$cid=1223993414930$pagename=Albayan/Article/FullDetail. Accessed 10 Jan 2020
Al-Asfour A, Khan SA (2014) Workforce localization in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Issues and challenges. Hum Resour Dev Int 17(2):243–253
Al-Harbi K (1997) Markov analysis of Saudization in engineering companies. J Manag Eng 13(2):87–97
Ali A (2004) Islamic perspectives on management and organization. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham/Northampton
Ali A, Al-Kazemi A (2006) Human resource management in Kuwait. In: Budhwar P, Mellahi K (eds) Managing human resources in the Middle East. Routledge, London, pp 79–96
Ali-Ali J (2008) Emiratisation: drawing UAE nationals into their surging economy. Int J Sociol Soc Policy 28(9):365–379
Alisa S, Issaev L (2018) Internet censorship in Arab Countries: religious and moral aspects. Religions 9(11):358–363
Al-Lamki SM (1999) Paradigm shift: a perspective on Omani women in management in the Sultanate of Oman. Adv Women Leadersh J (Spring) 2:1–30
Al-Lamki SM (2000) Women in the labour force in Oman: the case of the Sultanate of Oman. Int J Manag 17(2):166–174
Al-Rasheed M (2010) A History of Saudi Arabia. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press
AMEInfo (2007) Nationalisation taking root in Gulf Region, 26 Sept 2007. www.ameinfo.com/133128.html. Accessed 3 Dec 2019
Aon Hewitt (2011) Qudurat report. www.aon.com/middle-east/thought-leadership/hr/qudurat/default.jsp. Accessed 15 Dec 2019
Armstrong K (1992) Muhammad: biography of the Prophet. HarperCollins, New York
Atiyyah HS (1996) Expatriate acculturation in Arab Gulf countries. J Manag Dev 15(5):37–47
Berg H (2003) Method and theory in the study of Islamic origins. Brill Academic, Toronto
Bowman AK, Rogan E (1999) Agriculture in Egypt: from Pharaonic to modern times. Oxford University Press, London
Budhwar P, Mellahi K (2007) Introduction: human resource management in the Middle East. Int J Hum Resour Manag 19(1):2–10
Budhwar PS, Mellahi K (2016) Handbook of human resource management in the Middle East. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham pp 3–15
CNN.com (2018a) Man arrested in Saudi Arabia for having breakfast with woman, 11 Sept 2018
CNN.com (2018b) Turkey has “shocking” audio and visual evidence of Saudi journalist’s killing. Retrieved 12 Nov 2019
Cook M (1983) Muhammad. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Crone P (1987) Meccan trade and the rise of Islam. Blackwell, London
Elamin AM (2012) Perceived organisational justice and work-related attitudes: a study of Saudi employees. World J Entrepr Manag Sustain Dev 9(1):71–88
Fasano-Filho U, Goyal R (2004) Emerging strains in GCC labour markets. Working paper no WP/04/71. International Monetary Fund
Forstenlechner I (2010) Workforce localisation in emerging Gulf economies: the need to fine-tune HRM. Pers Rev 39(1):135–152
Forstenlechner I, Rutledge E (2010) Unemployment in the Gulf: time to update the social contract. Middle East Policy 17(2):38–51
FreedomHouse (2018) Saudi Arabia. https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2019/saudi-arabia. Accessed 1 Nov 2019
FreedomHouse (2019) Saudi Arabia. https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2019/saudi-arabia. Accessed 9 Nov 2019
Grimm D (2018) These may be the world’s first images of dogs and they’re wearing leashes. www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/11/these-may-be-the-world-s-first-images-dogs-and-they-re-wearing-leashes. Science magazine. Retrieved 11 June 2019
Hamidullah M (1998) The life and work of the Prophet of Islam. Islamic Research Institute, Islamabad
Harry W (2007) Employment creation and localisation: the crucial human resource issues for the GCC. Int J Hum Resour Manag 18(1):132–146
Hefner RW (2011) Shari’a politics: Islamic law and society in the modern world. Indiana University Press, Bloomington
Hodgson M (1974) The venture of Islam: the classical age of Islam. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
Hofstede G (1980) Culture’s consequences: international differences in work-related values. SAGE, Beverly Hills
Holland T (2012) In the shadow of the sword: the battle for global empire and the end of the ancient world. Abacus, London
BBC News (2018) https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-45812399. Turkish officials have audio and video evidence that shows missing Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi was killed inside the Saudi consulate in Istanbul. Retrieved 12 Oct 2019
Human Rights Report: Saudi Arabia (2007) U.S State Department. 11 Mar 2008
Human Rights Report: Saudi Arabia (2008) U.S State Department. 25 Feb 2009
Human Rights Report: Saudi Arabia (2009) U.S State Department. 11 Mar 2009
Human Rights Report: Saudi Arabia (2010) U.S State Department. 8 Apr 2011
Human Rights Watch (2008) Precarious justice, pp 3–4, 101–102, 108–115
Jadwa Investment (2017) Macroeconomic update. Economic projections for 2017. Jadwa Investment, Riyadh
Kapiszewski A (2000) Population, labour and education dilemmas facing GCC states at the turn of the century. www.crm.hct.ac.ae/events/archive/tend/AndKP.html. Accessed 20 Dec 2019
Klein A, Waxin M-F, Radnell E (2009) The impact of the Arab national culture on the perception ideal organizational culture in the United Arab Emirates: an empirical study of 17 firms. Educ Bus Soc Middle East Issue 2(1):44–56
Main D (2013) Holly land framing began 5000 years earlier than thought. Live Science. https://www.livescience.com/28011-ancient-agriculture-israel.html. Accessed 15 Feb 2020
Matherly L, Al Nahyan SS (2015) Workplace quotas: building competitiveness through effective governance of national expatriate knowledge transfer and development of sustainable human capital. Int J Organ Anal 23(3):456–471
Mellahi K (2006) Human resource management in Saudi Arabia. In: Budhwar P, Mellahi K (eds) Managing human resources in the Middle East. Routledge, London, pp 97–120
Mellahi K (2007) The effect of regulations on HRM: private sector firms in Saudi Arabia. Int J Hum Resour Manag 18(1):85–99
Mellahi K, Budhwar PS (2006) HRM challenges in the Middle East: an agenda for future research and policy. In: Budhwar P, Mellahi K (eds) Managing human resources in the Middle East. Routledge, London, pp 291–301
Mellahi K, Wood G (2001) Human resource management in Saudi Arabia. In: Budhwar PS, Debrah Y (eds) Human resource management in developing countries. Routledge, London, pp 135–152
Metcalfe BD (2007) Gender and human resource management in the Middle East. Int J Hum Resour Manag 18(1):54–74
Miethe TD, Lu H (2004) Punishment: a comparative historical perspective. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Miller J (2003) “Open secrets” “Open secrets”. D+Z. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH. Archived from the original on 21 Feb 2011. Retrieved 05 Apr 2011
Motzki H (2000) The biography of Muhammad: the issue of the sources – Islamic history and civilization: studies and texts, vol 32. Brill Academic, Toronto
Musa AY (2008) Hadith as scripture: discussions on the authority of prophetic traditions in Islam. Palgrave, New York
Musmar F (2020) Israel could be key to 2020 geopolitics. The Begin-Sadat Centre for strategic studies. Center perspectives paper no. 1,389, 2 Jan 2020
Newsweek (2014) Janine di Giovanni. When it comes to beheadings, ISIS has nothing over Saudi Arabia. 14 Oct 2014
Ramadan T (2007) In the footsteps of the Prophet. Oxford University Press, New York
Ramady MA (2010) Population and demographics: Saudization and the labor market. In the Saudi Arabian economy: policies, achievements and challenges, 2nd edn. Springer, New York, pp 351–393
Ramall S, Maimani K, Diab A (2011) Compensation practices and plan effectiveness in Saudi Arabia. Compens Benefits Rev 43(1):52–60
Randeree K (2009) Strategic policy and practice in the nationalisation of human capital: “project emiratisation”. Res Pract Hum Resour Manag 17(1):71–91
Rees CJ, Mamman A, Bin Braik A (2007) Emiratization as a strategic HRM change initiative: case study evidence from a UAE petroleum company. Int J Hum Resour Manag 18(1):33–53
Rodgers R (2012) The generalship of Muhammad: battles and campaigns of the Prophet of Allah. University of Florida Press, Miami
Rubin U (1995) The eye of the beholder: the life of Muhammad as viewed by the early Muslims. Darwin Press, London
Saudi internet rules (2001) Al-bab.com. https://al-bab.com/country/saudi-arabia. Retrieved 13 Mar 2019
Scott-Jackson W, Owen S, Whitacker D, Kariem R, Druck S (2014a) HRM in the GCC: a new world HRM for the new world economy. Oxford Strategic Consulting, Research Series, Oxford, UK
Scott-Jackson W, Owen S, Whitacker D, Cole M, Druck S, Kariem R, Mogielnicki R, Shuaib A (2014b) Building GCC talent for strategic competitive advantage. Oxford Strategic Consulting, Research Series, Oxford, UK
Scott-Jackson W, Owen S, Whitacker D, Cole M, Kariem R, Mogielnicki R, Shuaib A (2014c) Maximising Emirati talent in engineering. Oxford Strategic Consulting, Research Series, Oxford, UK
Scott-Jackson W, Owen S, Whitacker D, Druck S, Kariem R, Mogielnicki R (2014d) Maximising Qatari Talent. Oxford Strategic Consulting, Research Series , Oxford, UK
Serjeant RB (1964) The constitution of Medina. Islam Q 8:3–16
Shehadi R, Hoteit L, Lamaa A, Tarazi K (2011) Educated, ambitious essential women will drive the GCC’s future. Booz and Co. www.strategyand.pwc.com/media/uploads/Strategyand-Educated-Ambitous-Essential.pdf. Accessed 1 Dec 2019
Shoult A (2006) Doing business with Saudi Arabia. GMB Publishing, London
Singh A, Sharma J (2015) Strategies for talent management: a study of select organisations in the UAE. Int J Organ Manag 23(3):337–347
Singh A, Jones DB, Hall N (2012) Talent management: a research based case study in the GCC region. Int J Bus Manag 7(24):94–107
Speiss A (2010) Demographic transitions and imbalances in the GCC: security risks, constraints and policy challenges. Exeter Gulf Studies Conferences. The 21st Century Gulf: The Challenge of Identity
The Atlantic (2015) When beheadings won’t do the job, 24 Dec 2015. 014
The Economist (2001) Saudi Arabian justice: cruel or just unusual; Saudi Arabia. 14 June 2001
The Economist (2007) International: law of God versus law of man; Saudi Arabia. 13 Oct 2007
The Economist Intelligence Unit (2012) Democracy index 2012 Democracy at a standstill (PDF)
The Guardian (2016) Saudi execution of Shia Cleric sparks outrage in the Middle East. 2 Jan 2016. P12
The Independent (2014) Saudi Arabia declares all atheists are terrorists in new law to crack down on political dissidents. April 2014
The Peninsula (2011) Dozens detained in Saudi over flood protests. Qatar/Thompson-Reuters. 2. https://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com/middle-east/140720-dozens-detained-in-saudi-over-flood-protests.html. Retrieved 10 Nov 2019
The Washington Post (2008) Saudi face soaring blood-money sums, 27 July 2008
Tliass H (2013) Women managers in the United Arab Emirates. Successful careers or what? Equality Diversity Inclusion 32(8):756–776
Tlaiss H, Elamin A (2016) Employment Relations in Saudi Arabia. In: Budhwar PS, Mellahi K (eds) Handbook of human resource management in the Middle East. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham pp141–161
Tripp H, North P (2009) CultureShock! A survival guide to customs and etiquette. Saudi Arabia, 3rd edn. Marshall Cavendish, London
Trompenaars F, Hampden-Turner C (1998) Riding the waves of culture. Understanding diversity in global business. McGraw-Hill, New York
Vazquez-Alvarez R (2010) The micro-structure of wages and wage determination in the UAE. Dubai Economic Council, Dubai
Waxin M, Bateman RE (2016) Human resource management in the United Arab Emirates. In: Budhwar PS, Mellahi K (eds) Handbook of human resource management in the Middle East. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham
Willoughby J (2008) Segmented feminisation and the decline of neopatriarchy in GCC countries of the Persian Gulf. Comp Stud South Asia Afr Middle East 28(1):184–199
Yaseen ZK (2013) Clarifying the strategic role of the HR managers in the UAE educational institutions. J Manag Sustain 32(2):110–118
Zhao F, Scavarda AJ, Waxin MF (2012) Key issues and challenges in e-government deployment: an integrative case study of the number one eCity in the Arab world. Inf Technol People 25(4):395–422
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Gould, A.M. (2020). Management in the Middle East. In: Muldoon, J., Gould, A., McMurray, A. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Management History. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62348-1_119-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62348-1_119-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-62348-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-62348-1
eBook Packages: Springer Reference Business and ManagementReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Business, Economics and Social Sciences