Skip to main content

Management in the Middle East

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Book cover The Palgrave Handbook of Management History
  • 70 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter is about management philosophy and practice in the Middle East. It argues that, unlike in other multi-country regions such as Europe or Asia, the Middle East does have a unique, distinctively non-Western, governance blueprint. In prosecuting its case, the chapter proposes that geographical conceptions do little to aid understanding the Arab world. Rather, the influence of Islamic history and the circumstance of oil discovery in the twentieth century is pivotal in creating a conception of the Middle East. This view deemphasizes jurisdictions and civic (secular) identity. The chapter examines three partially overlapping instantiations of the Middle Eastern management construct: the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), the Gulf States generally (GCC), and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). It proposes that the first of these instantiations – which, in key ways, most approximates fidelity to Islam – is where the analyst can best appreciate the philosophical underpinnings of Middle Eastern management.

For several years the author held professional jobs in Middle Eastern countries.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abdalla IA, Al-Homoud M (1995) A survey of management training and development practices in the State of Kuwait. J Manag Dev 14(3):14–25

    Google Scholar 

  • Achoui MM (2009) Human resource development in Gulf countries: an analysis of the trends and challenges facing Saudi Arabia. Hum Resour Dev Int 12(1):35–46

    Google Scholar 

  • Afiouni F, Karam CM, El-Hajj H (2013) The HR value proposition model in the Arab Middle East: identifying the contours of an Arab Middle-Eastern HR model. Int J Hum Resour Manag 24(10):1895–1932

    Google Scholar 

  • Afiouni F, Ruël H, Schuler R (2014) HRM in the Middle East: toward a greater understanding. Int J Hum Resour Manag 25(2):133–143

    Google Scholar 

  • Al Bahar AA, Peterson SE, Taylor WGK (1996) Managing training and development in Bahrain: the influence of culture. J Manag Psychol 11(5):26–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Al Bayan (2008) www.albayan.ae3servlet/Satelllite?c=Article$cid=1223993414930$pagename=Albayan/Article/FullDetail. Accessed 10 Jan 2020

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Asfour A, Khan SA (2014) Workforce localization in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Issues and challenges. Hum Resour Dev Int 17(2):243–253

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Harbi K (1997) Markov analysis of Saudization in engineering companies. J Manag Eng 13(2):87–97

    Google Scholar 

  • Ali A (2004) Islamic perspectives on management and organization. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham/Northampton

    Google Scholar 

  • Ali A, Al-Kazemi A (2006) Human resource management in Kuwait. In: Budhwar P, Mellahi K (eds) Managing human resources in the Middle East. Routledge, London, pp 79–96

    Google Scholar 

  • Ali-Ali J (2008) Emiratisation: drawing UAE nationals into their surging economy. Int J Sociol Soc Policy 28(9):365–379

    Google Scholar 

  • Alisa S, Issaev L (2018) Internet censorship in Arab Countries: religious and moral aspects. Religions 9(11):358–363

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Lamki SM (1999) Paradigm shift: a perspective on Omani women in management in the Sultanate of Oman. Adv Women Leadersh J (Spring) 2:1–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Lamki SM (2000) Women in the labour force in Oman: the case of the Sultanate of Oman. Int J Manag 17(2):166–174

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Rasheed M (2010) A History of Saudi Arabia. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press

    Google Scholar 

  • AMEInfo (2007) Nationalisation taking root in Gulf Region, 26 Sept 2007. www.ameinfo.com/133128.html. Accessed 3 Dec 2019

  • Aon Hewitt (2011) Qudurat report. www.aon.com/middle-east/thought-leadership/hr/qudurat/default.jsp. Accessed 15 Dec 2019

  • Armstrong K (1992) Muhammad: biography of the Prophet. HarperCollins, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Atiyyah HS (1996) Expatriate acculturation in Arab Gulf countries. J Manag Dev 15(5):37–47

    Google Scholar 

  • Berg H (2003) Method and theory in the study of Islamic origins. Brill Academic, Toronto

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowman AK, Rogan E (1999) Agriculture in Egypt: from Pharaonic to modern times. Oxford University Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Budhwar P, Mellahi K (2007) Introduction: human resource management in the Middle East. Int J Hum Resour Manag 19(1):2–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Budhwar PS, Mellahi K (2016) Handbook of human resource management in the Middle East. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham pp 3–15

    Google Scholar 

  • CNN.com (2018a) Man arrested in Saudi Arabia for having breakfast with woman, 11 Sept 2018

    Google Scholar 

  • CNN.com (2018b) Turkey has “shocking” audio and visual evidence of Saudi journalist’s killing. Retrieved 12 Nov 2019

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook M (1983) Muhammad. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Crone P (1987) Meccan trade and the rise of Islam. Blackwell, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Elamin AM (2012) Perceived organisational justice and work-related attitudes: a study of Saudi employees. World J Entrepr Manag Sustain Dev 9(1):71–88

    Google Scholar 

  • Fasano-Filho U, Goyal R (2004) Emerging strains in GCC labour markets. Working paper no WP/04/71. International Monetary Fund

    Google Scholar 

  • Forstenlechner I (2010) Workforce localisation in emerging Gulf economies: the need to fine-tune HRM. Pers Rev 39(1):135–152

    Google Scholar 

  • Forstenlechner I, Rutledge E (2010) Unemployment in the Gulf: time to update the social contract. Middle East Policy 17(2):38–51

    Google Scholar 

  • FreedomHouse (2018) Saudi Arabia. https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2019/saudi-arabia. Accessed 1 Nov 2019

  • FreedomHouse (2019) Saudi Arabia. https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2019/saudi-arabia. Accessed 9 Nov 2019

  • Grimm D (2018) These may be the world’s first images of dogs and they’re wearing leashes. www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/11/these-may-be-the-world-s-first-images-dogs-and-they-re-wearing-leashes. Science magazine. Retrieved 11 June 2019

  • Hamidullah M (1998) The life and work of the Prophet of Islam. Islamic Research Institute, Islamabad

    Google Scholar 

  • Harry W (2007) Employment creation and localisation: the crucial human resource issues for the GCC. Int J Hum Resour Manag 18(1):132–146

    Google Scholar 

  • Hefner RW (2011) Shari’a politics: Islamic law and society in the modern world. Indiana University Press, Bloomington

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodgson M (1974) The venture of Islam: the classical age of Islam. University of Chicago Press, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede G (1980) Culture’s consequences: international differences in work-related values. SAGE, Beverly Hills

    Google Scholar 

  • Holland T (2012) In the shadow of the sword: the battle for global empire and the end of the ancient world. Abacus, London

    Google Scholar 

  • BBC News (2018) https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-45812399. Turkish officials have audio and video evidence that shows missing Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi was killed inside the Saudi consulate in Istanbul. Retrieved 12 Oct 2019

  • Human Rights Report: Saudi Arabia (2007) U.S State Department. 11 Mar 2008

    Google Scholar 

  • Human Rights Report: Saudi Arabia (2008) U.S State Department. 25 Feb 2009

    Google Scholar 

  • Human Rights Report: Saudi Arabia (2009) U.S State Department. 11 Mar 2009

    Google Scholar 

  • Human Rights Report: Saudi Arabia (2010) U.S State Department. 8 Apr 2011

    Google Scholar 

  • Human Rights Watch (2008) Precarious justice, pp 3–4, 101–102, 108–115

    Google Scholar 

  • Jadwa Investment (2017) Macroeconomic update. Economic projections for 2017. Jadwa Investment, Riyadh

    Google Scholar 

  • Kapiszewski A (2000) Population, labour and education dilemmas facing GCC states at the turn of the century. www.crm.hct.ac.ae/events/archive/tend/AndKP.html. Accessed 20 Dec 2019

  • Klein A, Waxin M-F, Radnell E (2009) The impact of the Arab national culture on the perception ideal organizational culture in the United Arab Emirates: an empirical study of 17 firms. Educ Bus Soc Middle East Issue 2(1):44–56

    Google Scholar 

  • Main D (2013) Holly land framing began 5000 years earlier than thought. Live Science. https://www.livescience.com/28011-ancient-agriculture-israel.html. Accessed 15 Feb 2020

  • Matherly L, Al Nahyan SS (2015) Workplace quotas: building competitiveness through effective governance of national expatriate knowledge transfer and development of sustainable human capital. Int J Organ Anal 23(3):456–471

    Google Scholar 

  • Mellahi K (2006) Human resource management in Saudi Arabia. In: Budhwar P, Mellahi K (eds) Managing human resources in the Middle East. Routledge, London, pp 97–120

    Google Scholar 

  • Mellahi K (2007) The effect of regulations on HRM: private sector firms in Saudi Arabia. Int J Hum Resour Manag 18(1):85–99

    Google Scholar 

  • Mellahi K, Budhwar PS (2006) HRM challenges in the Middle East: an agenda for future research and policy. In: Budhwar P, Mellahi K (eds) Managing human resources in the Middle East. Routledge, London, pp 291–301

    Google Scholar 

  • Mellahi K, Wood G (2001) Human resource management in Saudi Arabia. In: Budhwar PS, Debrah Y (eds) Human resource management in developing countries. Routledge, London, pp 135–152

    Google Scholar 

  • Metcalfe BD (2007) Gender and human resource management in the Middle East. Int J Hum Resour Manag 18(1):54–74

    Google Scholar 

  • Miethe TD, Lu H (2004) Punishment: a comparative historical perspective. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller J (2003) “Open secrets” “Open secrets”. D+Z. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH. Archived from the original on 21 Feb 2011. Retrieved 05 Apr 2011

    Google Scholar 

  • Motzki H (2000) The biography of Muhammad: the issue of the sources – Islamic history and civilization: studies and texts, vol 32. Brill Academic, Toronto

    Google Scholar 

  • Musa AY (2008) Hadith as scripture: discussions on the authority of prophetic traditions in Islam. Palgrave, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Musmar F (2020) Israel could be key to 2020 geopolitics. The Begin-Sadat Centre for strategic studies. Center perspectives paper no. 1,389, 2 Jan 2020

    Google Scholar 

  • Newsweek (2014) Janine di Giovanni. When it comes to beheadings, ISIS has nothing over Saudi Arabia. 14 Oct 2014

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramadan T (2007) In the footsteps of the Prophet. Oxford University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramady MA (2010) Population and demographics: Saudization and the labor market. In the Saudi Arabian economy: policies, achievements and challenges, 2nd edn. Springer, New York, pp 351–393

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramall S, Maimani K, Diab A (2011) Compensation practices and plan effectiveness in Saudi Arabia. Compens Benefits Rev 43(1):52–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Randeree K (2009) Strategic policy and practice in the nationalisation of human capital: “project emiratisation”. Res Pract Hum Resour Manag 17(1):71–91

    Google Scholar 

  • Rees CJ, Mamman A, Bin Braik A (2007) Emiratization as a strategic HRM change initiative: case study evidence from a UAE petroleum company. Int J Hum Resour Manag 18(1):33–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodgers R (2012) The generalship of Muhammad: battles and campaigns of the Prophet of Allah. University of Florida Press, Miami

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubin U (1995) The eye of the beholder: the life of Muhammad as viewed by the early Muslims. Darwin Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Saudi internet rules (2001) Al-bab.com. https://al-bab.com/country/saudi-arabia. Retrieved 13 Mar 2019

  • Scott-Jackson W, Owen S, Whitacker D, Kariem R, Druck S (2014a) HRM in the GCC: a new world HRM for the new world economy. Oxford Strategic Consulting, Research Series, Oxford, UK

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott-Jackson W, Owen S, Whitacker D, Cole M, Druck S, Kariem R, Mogielnicki R, Shuaib A (2014b) Building GCC talent for strategic competitive advantage. Oxford Strategic Consulting, Research Series, Oxford, UK

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott-Jackson W, Owen S, Whitacker D, Cole M, Kariem R, Mogielnicki R, Shuaib A (2014c) Maximising Emirati talent in engineering. Oxford Strategic Consulting, Research Series, Oxford, UK

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott-Jackson W, Owen S, Whitacker D, Druck S, Kariem R, Mogielnicki R (2014d) Maximising Qatari Talent. Oxford Strategic Consulting, Research Series , Oxford, UK

    Google Scholar 

  • Serjeant RB (1964) The constitution of Medina. Islam Q 8:3–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Shehadi R, Hoteit L, Lamaa A, Tarazi K (2011) Educated, ambitious essential women will drive the GCC’s future. Booz and Co. www.strategyand.pwc.com/media/uploads/Strategyand-Educated-Ambitous-Essential.pdf. Accessed 1 Dec 2019

  • Shoult A (2006) Doing business with Saudi Arabia. GMB Publishing, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh A, Sharma J (2015) Strategies for talent management: a study of select organisations in the UAE. Int J Organ Manag 23(3):337–347

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh A, Jones DB, Hall N (2012) Talent management: a research based case study in the GCC region. Int J Bus Manag 7(24):94–107

    Google Scholar 

  • Speiss A (2010) Demographic transitions and imbalances in the GCC: security risks, constraints and policy challenges. Exeter Gulf Studies Conferences. The 21st Century Gulf: The Challenge of Identity

    Google Scholar 

  • The Atlantic (2015) When beheadings won’t do the job, 24 Dec 2015. 014

    Google Scholar 

  • The Economist (2001) Saudi Arabian justice: cruel or just unusual; Saudi Arabia. 14 June 2001

    Google Scholar 

  • The Economist (2007) International: law of God versus law of man; Saudi Arabia. 13 Oct 2007

    Google Scholar 

  • The Economist Intelligence Unit (2012) Democracy index 2012 Democracy at a standstill (PDF)

    Google Scholar 

  • The Guardian (2016) Saudi execution of Shia Cleric sparks outrage in the Middle East. 2 Jan 2016. P12

    Google Scholar 

  • The Independent (2014) Saudi Arabia declares all atheists are terrorists in new law to crack down on political dissidents. April 2014

    Google Scholar 

  • The Peninsula (2011) Dozens detained in Saudi over flood protests. Qatar/Thompson-Reuters. 2. https://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com/middle-east/140720-dozens-detained-in-saudi-over-flood-protests.html. Retrieved 10 Nov 2019

  • The Washington Post (2008) Saudi face soaring blood-money sums, 27 July 2008

    Google Scholar 

  • Tliass H (2013) Women managers in the United Arab Emirates. Successful careers or what? Equality Diversity Inclusion 32(8):756–776

    Google Scholar 

  • Tlaiss H, Elamin A (2016) Employment Relations in Saudi Arabia. In: Budhwar PS, Mellahi K (eds) Handbook of human resource management in the Middle East. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham pp141–161

    Google Scholar 

  • Tripp H, North P (2009) CultureShock! A survival guide to customs and etiquette. Saudi Arabia, 3rd edn. Marshall Cavendish, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Trompenaars F, Hampden-Turner C (1998) Riding the waves of culture. Understanding diversity in global business. McGraw-Hill, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Vazquez-Alvarez R (2010) The micro-structure of wages and wage determination in the UAE. Dubai Economic Council, Dubai

    Google Scholar 

  • Waxin M, Bateman RE (2016) Human resource management in the United Arab Emirates. In: Budhwar PS, Mellahi K (eds) Handbook of human resource management in the Middle East. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham

    Google Scholar 

  • Willoughby J (2008) Segmented feminisation and the decline of neopatriarchy in GCC countries of the Persian Gulf. Comp Stud South Asia Afr Middle East 28(1):184–199

    Google Scholar 

  • Yaseen ZK (2013) Clarifying the strategic role of the HR managers in the UAE educational institutions. J Manag Sustain 32(2):110–118

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhao F, Scavarda AJ, Waxin MF (2012) Key issues and challenges in e-government deployment: an integrative case study of the number one eCity in the Arab world. Inf Technol People 25(4):395–422

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Anthony M. Gould .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Gould, A.M. (2020). Management in the Middle East. In: Muldoon, J., Gould, A., McMurray, A. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Management History. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62348-1_119-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62348-1_119-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-62348-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-62348-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference Business and ManagementReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Business, Economics and Social Sciences

Publish with us

Policies and ethics