Abstract
The environment we live in and the food we consume on a daily basis contain numerous foreign antigens. During embryonic development and throughout our entire lives, the human body develops tolerance to many of these allergens in order that we do not suffer from the various maladies that result from an aberrant response to otherwise non-dangerous non-self-antigens. However, it is not always clear to the human immune system which antigens should be granted “immunity.” For some pathogenic organisms, it is appropriate to protect ourselves against these invaders, as they may be harmful and cause disease or death. For other non-self-antigens, the immune system must develop tolerance to these proteins because they may be essential for our survival. On the other hand, the inability to develop tolerance to food, or to pollen, or to animal dander can lead to undesired biological consequences, which in many cases manifest in the form of an allergy. The molecules that cause symptoms are most often proteins or glycoproteins and lipoproteins. For many of them, their native function is known, but this is not always the case. There are also many allergenic substances which have not been well defined from either from a structural or functional perspective. The common mechanism for the development of IgE-mediated hypersensitivity involves the cross-linking of IgE antibodies on the surface of mast cells and the subsequent degranulation of preformed and newly synthesized mediators by the latter. Allergenic proteins can contain linear or conformational epitopes or be heat stable or heat labile. Food allergens can be modified by food processing or are affected by specific methods of cooking, which can denature the protein or, conversely, render a protein more allergic through various known chemical pathways such as the Mallard reaction. The end result is either a protein that is less or more allergic than the native protein. Pollens can be carried through biotic or abiotic means, but not all pollen allergens have been characterized. The peak season for pollens varies by the species, geography, and climate. This complex network of exposure is what the human immune system needs to navigate through to reach the balance where it knows exactly what to defend against and what to ignore. This is not always successful.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
References
Aalberse RC. Clinical relevance of carbohydrate allergen epitopes. Allergy. 1998;53(45 Suppl):54–7.
Aas K. Studies of hypersensitivity to fish. Studies of some immunochemical characteristics of allergenic components of a fish extract (cod). Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1966;29(6):536–52.
Aas K, Elsayed S. Characterization of a major allergen (cod): effect of enzymic hydrolysis on the allergenic activity. J Allergy. 1969;44(6):333–43.
Achatz G, et al. Molecular cloning of major and minor allergens of Alternaria alternata and Cladosporium herbarum. Mol Immunol. 1995;32(3):213–27.
Adachi T, et al. Gene structure and expression of rice seed allergenic proteins belonging to the α-amylase/trypsin inhibitor family. Plant Mol Biol. 1993;21(2):239–48.
Agarwal M, Jones R, Yunginger J. Shared allergenic and antigenic determinants in Alternaria and Stemphylium extracts. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1982;70(6):437–44.
Ahluwalia SK, et al. Mouse allergen is the major allergen of public health relevance in Baltimore City. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;132(4):830–5 e1-2.
Ahrazem O, et al. Lipid transfer proteins and allergy to oranges. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2005;137(3):201–10.
Ahrazem O, et al. Orange germin-like glycoprotein Cit s 1: an equivocal allergen. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2006;139(2):96–103.
Akkerdaas JH, et al. Cloning of oleosin, a putative new hazelnut allergen, using a hazelnut cDNA library. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2006;50(1):18–23.
Alcocer MJ, et al. The disulphide mapping, folding and characterisation of recombinant Ber e 1, an allergenic protein, and SFA8, two sulphur-rich 2 S plant albumins. J Mol Biol. 2002;324(1):165–75.
Al-Doory Y, Domson JF. Mould allergy. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger; 1984.
Alexandre-Silva GM, et al., The hygiene hypothesis at a glance: early exposures, immune mechanism and novel therapies. Acta Trop. 2018.
Almqvist C, et al. School as a risk environment for children allergic to cats and a site for transfer of cat allergen to homes. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1999;103(6):1012–7.
Alonso MD, et al. Occupational protein contact dermatitis from lettuce. Contact Dermatitis. 1993;29(2):109–10.
Altmeyer P, Schon K. Cutaneous mold fungus granuloma from Ulocladium chartarum. Der Hautarzt, Zeitschrift fur Dermatologie, Venerologie, und verwandte Gebiete. 1981;32(1):36–8.
Alvarez AM, et al. Classification of rice allergenic protein cDNAs belonging to the α-amylase/trypsin inhibitor gene family. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA). 1995a;1251(2):201–4.
Alvarez AM, et al. Four rice seed cDNA clones belonging to the α-amylase/trypsin inhibitor gene family encode potential rice allergens. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 1995b;59(7):1304–8.
Amo A, et al. Gal d 6 is the second allergen characterized from egg yolk. J Agric Food Chem. 2010;58(12):7453–7.
Andersson J, Lendahl U, Forssberg H. 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Better health for millions of people thanks to drugs against parasites. Lakartidningen. 2015;112
Anliker MD, Borelli S, Wuthrich B. Occupational protein contact dermatitis from spices in a butcher: a new presentation of the mugwort-spice syndrome. Contact Dermatitis. 2002;46(2):72–4.
Ansari AA, Killoran EA, Marsh DG. An investigation of human immune response to perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) pollen cytochrome c (Lol p X). J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1987;80(2):229–35.
Ansari AA, Shenbagamurthi P, Marsh DG. Complete primary structure of a Lolium perenne (perennial rye grass) pollen allergen, Lol p III: comparison with known Lol p I and II sequences. Biochemistry. 1989;28(21):8665–70.
Aranda RR, et al. Specific IgE response to Blomia tropicalis mites in Cuban patients. Rev Cubana Med Trop. 2000;52(1):31–6.
Arasi S, et al. A general strategy for de novo immunotherapy design: the active treatment of food allergy. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2018; 1–7.
Ariano R, Panzani RC, Amedeo J. Pollen allergy to mimosa (Acacia floribunda) in a Mediterranean area: an occupational disease. Ann Allergy. 1991;66(3):253–6.
Arilla MC, et al. Quantification assay for the major allergen of Cupressus sempervirens pollen, Cup s 1, by sandwich ELISA. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2004;32(6):319–25.
Arilla M, et al. Cloning, expression and characterization of mugwort pollen allergen Art v 2, a pathogenesis-related protein from family group 1. Mol Immunol. 2007;44(15):3653–60.
Armentia A, et al. In vivo allergenic activities of eleven purified members of a major allergen family from wheat and barley flour. Clin Exp Allergy. 1993;23(5):410–5.
Arochena L, et al. Cutaneous allergy at the supermarket. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2012;22(6):441–2.
Arruda LK, Chapman MD. A review of recent immunochemical studies ofBlomia tropicalis andEuroglyphus maynei allergens. Exp Appl Acarol. 1992;16(1–2):129–40.
Arruda LK, et al. Induction of IgE antibody responses by glutathione S-transferase from the German cockroach (Blattella germanica). J Biol Chem. 1997;272(33):20907–12.
Arshad SH, et al. Clinical and immunological characteristics of Brazil nut allergy. Clin Exp Allergy. 1991;21(3):373–6.
Asensio T, et al. Novel plant pathogenesis-related protein family involved in food allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;114(4):896–9.
Asero R. Detection and clinical characterization of patients with oral allergy syndrome caused by stable allergens in Rosaceae and nuts. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1999;83(5):377–83.
Asero R. Fennel, cucumber, and melon allergy successfully treated with pollen-specific injection immunotherapy. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2000;84(4):460–2.
Asero R, et al. A case of garlic allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1998;101(3):427–8.
Asero R, et al. Lipid transfer protein: a pan-allergen in plant-derived foods that is highly resistant to pepsin digestion. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2000;122(1):20–32.
Asero R, et al. A case of allergy to beer showing cross-reactivity between lipid transfer proteins. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2001a;87(1):65–7.
Asero R, et al. A case of onion allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001b;108(2):309–10.
Asero R, et al. Immunological cross-reactivity between lipid transfer proteins from botanically unrelated plant-derived foods: a clinical study. Allergy. 2002;57(10):900–6.
Asero R, et al. Detection of clinical markers of sensitization to profilin in patients allergic to plant-derived foods. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;112(2):427–32.
Asero R, et al. Rice: another potential cause of food allergy in patients sensitized to lipid transfer protein. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2007;143(1):69–74.
Assarehzadegan MA, et al. Sal k 4, a new allergen of Salsola kali, is profilin: a predictive value of conserved conformational regions in cross-reactivity with other plant-derived profilins. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2010;74(7):1441–6.
Assarehzadegan MA, et al. Identification of methionine synthase (Sal k 3), as a novel allergen of Salsola kali pollen. Mol Biol Rep. 2011;38(1):65–73.
Asturias J, et al. Cloning and high level expression of Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass) pollen profilin (Cyn d 12) in Escherichia coli: purification and characterization of the allergen. Clin Exp Allergy. 1997a;27(11):1307–13.
Asturias JA, et al. Sequence polymorphism and structural analysis of timothy grass pollen profilin allergen (Phl p 11) 1. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Gene Structure and Expression. 1997b;1352(3):253–7.
Asturias JA, et al. Sequencing and high level expression in Escherichia coli of the tropomyosin allergen (Der p 10) from Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus1. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA). 1998;1397(1):27–30.
Asturias J, et al. Purification and characterization of Pla a 1, a major allergen from Platanus acerifolia pollen. Allergy. 2002;57(3):221–7.
Asturias J, et al. Purified allergens vs. complete extract in the diagnosis of plane tree pollen allergy. Clin Exp Allergy. 2006;36(12):1505–12.
Atassi H, Atassi MZ. Antibody recognition of ragweed allergen Ra3: localization of the full profile of the continuous antigenic sites by synthetic overlapping peptides representing the entire protein chain. Eur J Immunol. 1986;16(3):229–35.
Ayuso R, et al. Identification of bovine IgG as a major cross-reactive vertebrate meat allergen. Allergy. 2000;55(4):348–54.
Badenoch PR, et al. Ulocladium atrum keratitis. J Clin Microbiol. 2006;44(3):1190–3.
Ballmer-Weber BK, et al. Component-resolved in vitro diagnosis in carrot allergy: does the use of recombinant carrot allergens improve the reliability of the diagnostic procedure? Clin Exp Allergy. 2005;35(7):970–8.
Bantignies B, et al. Direct evidence for ribonucleolytic activity of a PR-10-like protein from white lupin roots. Plant Mol Biol. 2000;42(6):871–81.
Barlow D, Edwards M, Thornton J. Continuous and discontinuous protein antigenic determinants. Nature. 1986;322(6081):747.
Barre A, et al. Homology modelling of the major peanut allergen Ara h 2 and surface mapping of IgE-binding epitopes. Immunol Lett. 2005;100(2):153–8.
Bauermeister K, et al. Generation of a comprehensive panel of crustacean allergens from the North Sea Shrimp Crangon crangon. Mol Immunol. 2011;48(15–16):1983–92.
Baur X, Chen Z, Sander I. Isolation and denomination of an important allergen in baking additives: alpha-amylase from Aspergillus oryzae (Asp o II). Clin Exp Allergy. 1994;24(5):465–70.
Baur X, Chen Z, Liebers V. Exposure-response relationships of occupational inhalative allergens. Clin Exp Allergy. 1998;28(5):537–44.
Belin L. Clinical and immunological data on" wood trimmer’s disease" in Sweden. Eur J Respir Dis Suppl. 1980;107:169–76.
Belin L. Sawmill alveolitis in Sweden. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 1987;82(3–4):440–3.
Bernard H, et al. Sensitivities of cow’s milk allergic patients to casein fraction of milks from different species. Allergy. 1992;47:306.
Bernard H, et al. Specificity of the human IgE response to the different purified caseins in allergy to cow’s milk proteins. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 1998;115(3):235–44.
Bernhisel-Broadbent J, et al. Allergenicity and antigenicity of chicken egg ovomucoid (Gal d III) compared with ovalbumin (Gal d I) in children with egg allergy and in mice. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1994;93(6):1047–59.
Berto JM, et al. Siberian hamster: a new indoor source of allergic sensitization and respiratory disease. Allergy. 2002;57(2):155–9.
Beyer K, et al. Identification of an 11S globulin as a major hazelnut food allergen in hazelnut-induced systemic reactions. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002;110(3):517–23.
Bhattacharya K, et al. Spectrum of allergens and allergen biology in India. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2018; 1–19.
Bird JA, et al. Efficacy and Safety of AR101 in Oral Immunotherapy for Peanut Allergy: Results of ARC001, a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Phase 2 Clinical Trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2017;6:476–485.e3.
Bittner C, et al. Identification of wheat gliadins as an allergen family related to baker’s asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;121(3):744–9.
Blaher B, et al. Identification of T-cell epitopes of Lol p 9, a major allergen of ryegrass (Lolium perenne) pollen. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1996;98(1):124–32.
Bleumink E, Young E. Studies on the atopic allergen in hen’s egg. II. Further characterization of the skin-reactive fraction in egg-white; immuno-electrophoretic studies. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1971;40(1):72–88.
Boldt A, et al. Analysis of the composition of an immunoglobulin E reactive high molecular weight protein complex of peanut extract containing Ara h 1 and Ara h 3/4. Proteomics. 2005;5(3):675–86.
Bonilla-Soto O, Rose NR, Arbesman CE. Allergenic molds: Antigenic and allergenic properties of Alternaria tenuis. J Allergy. 1961;32(3):246–70.
Botros HG, et al. Thiophilic adsorption chromatography: purification of Equ c2 and Equ c3, two horse allergens from horse sweat. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 1998;710(1–2):57–65.
Botros HG, et al. Biochemical characterization and surfactant properties of horse allergens. FEBS J. 2001;268(10):3126–36.
Bousquet J, et al. Allergy in the Mediterranean area I. Pollen counts and pollinosis of Montpellier. Clin Exp Allergy. 1984;14(3):249–58.
Bowyer P, Denning DW. Genomic analysis of allergen genes in Aspergillus spp.: the relevance of genomics to everyday research. Med Mycol. 2007;45(1):17–26.
Boye JI. Food allergies in developing and emerging economies: need for comprehensive data on prevalence rates. Clin Translational Allergy. 2012;2(1):25.
Bozek A, Krupa-Borek I, Jarzab J. Twenty years’ observation of subcutaneous pollen allergoid immunotherapy efficacy in adults. Postepy Dermatol Alergol. 2017;34(6):561–5.
Brant A. Baker’s asthma. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;7(2):152–5.
Breiteneder H. Mapping of conformational IgE epitopes of food allergens. Allergy. 2018;
Breiteneder H, et al. Complementary DNA cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of Aln g I, the major allergen in pollen of alder (Alnus glutinosa). J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1992;90(6):909–17.
Bublin M, et al. Cross-reactive N-glycans of Api g 5, a high molecular weight glycoprotein allergen from celery, are required for immunoglobulin E binding and activation of effector cells from allergic patients. FASEB J. 2003;17(12):1697–9.
Bufe A, et al. The major birch pollen allergen, Bet v 1, shows ribonuclease activity. Planta. 1996;199(3):413–5.
Buonocore V, et al. Purification and properties of an α-amylase tetrameric inhibitor from wheat kernel. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA). 1985;831(1):40–8.
Burks AW, et al. Identification of a major peanut allergen, Ara h I, in patients with atopic dermatitis and positive peanut challenges. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1991;88(2):172–9.
Burks W, Sampson H, Bannon G. Peanut allergens. Allergy. 1998;53(8):725–30.
Burks AW, et al. Sublingual immunotherapy for peanut allergy: Long-term follow-up of a randomized multicenter trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;135(5):1240-8 e1-3.
Bush RK, Prochnau JJ. Alternaria-induced asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;113(2):227–34.
Bush RK, Wood RA, Eggleston PA. Laboratory animal allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1998;102(1):99–112.
Bush RK, et al. The medical effects of mold exposure. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;117(2):326–33.
Caballero T, Martin-Esteban M. Association between pollen hypersensitivity and edible vegetable allergy: a review. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 1998;8(1):6–16.
Calabozo B, Barber D, Polo F. Purification and characterization of the main allergen of Plantago lanceolata pollen, Pla l 1. Clin Exp Allergy. 2001;31(2):322–30.
Calabria CW, Dice J. Aeroallergen sensitization rates in military children with rhinitis symptoms. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2007;99(2):161–9.
Calabria CW, Dice JP, Hagan LL. Prevalence of positive skin test responses to 53 allergens in patients with rhinitis symptoms. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2007;28(4):442–8.
Caraballo L, et al. Analysis of the Cross–Reactivity between BtM and Der p 5, Two Group 5 Recombinant Allergens from Blomia tropicalis and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 1998;117(1):38–45.
Cardona EEG, et al. Novel low-abundance allergens from mango via combinatorial peptide libraries treatment: A proteomics study. Food Chem. 2018;269:652–60.
Carnés J, et al. Immunochemical characterization of Russian thistle (Salsola kali) pollen extracts. Purification of the allergen Sal k 1. Allergy. 2003;58(11):1152–6.
Carrillo T, et al. Squid hypersensitivity: a clinical and immunologic study. Ann Allergy. 1992;68(6):483–7.
Castrillo I, et al. NMR assignment of the C-terminal domain of Ole e 9, a major allergen from the olive tree pollen. J Biomol NMR. 2006;36 Suppl 1:67.
Castro L Villalba M, Rodriguez R. Fra e 12, an allergen from ash pollen, is an isoflavone reductase. EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ databases. 2007. http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/E6Y2L7.
Castro L, et al. Isolation, characterisation, and cloning of Sal k 4, an Ole e 1-like protein from Salsola kali. Allergy. 2008;63(88):545.
Caubet JC, Wang J. Current understanding of egg allergy. Pediatr Clin N Am. 2011;58(2):427–43, xi
Černila B, Črešnar B, Breskvar K. Molecular characterization of a ribosome-associated Hsp70-homologous gene from Rhizopus nigricans. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA). 2003;1629(1–3):109–13.
Chang R. Functional properties of edible mushrooms. Nutr Rev. 1996;54(11 Pt 2):S91–3.
Chang CY, et al. Characterization of enolase allergen from Rhodotorula mucilaginosa. J Biomed Sci. 2002;9(6 Pt 2):645–55.
Chapman J, Williams S. Aeroallergens of the southeast Missouri area: a report of skin test frequencies and air sampling data. Ann Allergy. 1984;52(6):411–8.
Chen J, et al. Prediction of linear B-cell epitopes using amino acid pair antigenicity scale. Amino Acids. 2007;33(3):423–8.
Cheong N, et al. Lack of human IgE cross-reactivity between mite allergens Blo t 1 and Der p 1. Allergy. 2003a;58(9):912–20.
Cheong N, et al. Cloning of a group 3 allergen from Blomia tropicalis mites. Allergy. 2003b;58(4):352–6.
Chew F, et al. House dust mite fauna of tropical Singapore. Clin Exp Allergy. 1999;29(2):201–6.
Chou H, et al. Alkaline serine proteinase is a major allergen of Aspergillus flavus, a prevalent airborne Aspergillus species in the Taipei area. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 1999;119(4):282–90.
Chou H, et al. A vacuolar serine protease (Rho m 2) is a major allergen of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa and belongs to a class of highly conserved pan-fungal allergens. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2005;138(2):134–41.
Chu KH, Wong SH, Leung PS. Tropomyosin is the major mollusk allergen: reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, expression and IgE reactivity. Mar Biotechnol. 2000;2(5):499–509.
Civantos E, et al. Molecular cloning and expression of a novel allergen from Salsola kali pollen: Sal k 2. EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ databases. 2002; September.
Cooke SK, Sampson HA. Allergenic properties of ovomucoid in man. J Immunol. 1997;159(4):2026–32.
Costa J, et al. Walnut allergens: molecular characterization, detection and clinical relevance. Clin Exp Allergy. 2014;44(3):319–41.
Creticos PS, Pfaar O. Ragweed sublingual tablet immunotherapy: part I - evidence-based clinical efficacy and safety. Immunotherapy. 2018;10(7):605–16.
Croce M, et al. House dust mites in the city of Lima, Peru. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2000;10(5):286–8.
Cuesta-Herranz J, et al. Identification of Cucumisin (Cuc m 1), a subtilisin-like endopeptidase, as the major allergen of melon fruit. Clin Exp Allergy. 2003;33(6):827–33.
D’amato G, et al. Clothing is a carrier of cat allergens. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1997;99(4):577–8.
Dales RE, et al. Tree pollen and hospitalization for asthma in urban Canada. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2008;146(3):241–7.
Daniela T. Salvia officinalis l. I. Botanic characteristics, composition, use and cultivation. Ceskoslovenska farmacie. 1993;42(3):111–6.
Darben T, Cominos B, Lee C. Topical eucalyptus oil poisoning. Australas J Dermatol. 1998;39(4):265–7.
Dauby PA, Whisman BA, Hagan L. Cross-reactivity between raw mushroom and molds in a patient with oral allergy syndrome. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2002;89(3):319–21.
Daul C, et al. Identification of a common major crustacea allergen J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1992; 63146–3318.
Daul C, et al. Identification of the major brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus) allergen as the muscle protein tropomyosin. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 1994;105(1):49–55.
Davies JM, et al. Molecular cloning, expression and immunological characterisation of Pas n 1, the major allergen of Bahia grass Paspalum notatum pollen. Mol Immunol. 2008;46(2):286–93.
Davies JM, et al. Functional immunoglobulin E cross-reactivity between Pas n 1 of Bahia grass pollen and other group 1 grass pollen allergens. Clin Exp Allergy. 2011a;41(2):281–91.
Davies JM, et al. The dominant 55 kDa allergen of the subtropical Bahia grass (Paspalum notatum) pollen is a group 13 pollen allergen, Pas n 13. Mol Immunol. 2011b;48(6–7):931–40.
de Blay F, et al. Identification of alpha livetin as a cross reacting allergen in a bird-egg syndrome. Allergy Proc. 1994;15(2):77–8.
de Coaña YP, et al. Molecular cloning and characterization of Cup a 4, a new allergen from Cupressus arizonica. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2010;401(3):451–7.
de Weck AL. Collegium Internationale Allergologicum: CIA: history and aims of a special international community devoted to allergy research; 1954–1996. MMV, Medizin-Verlag; 1996.
de Weger LA, et al. Difference in symptom severity between early and late grass pollen season in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Clin Transl Allergy. 2011;1(1):18.
De Zotti R, et al. Allergic airway disease in Italian bakers and pastry makers. Occup Environ Med. 1994;51(8):548–52.
Dean T, et al. In vitro allergenicity of cows’ milk substitutes. Clin Exp Allergy. 1993;23(3):205–10.
Dechamp C, Deviller P. Rules concerning allergy to celery (and other Umbellifera). Allerg Immunol (Paris). 1987;19(3):112–4, 116
Del Moral MG, Martinez-Naves E. The Role of Lipids in Development of Allergic Responses. Immune Netw. 2017;17(3):133–43.
Dezfoulian B, De la Brassinne M. Comparison of IgE-dependant sensitization rate to moulds, den-natophytes and yeasts in patients with typical allergic diseases compared to those with inflammatory dermatitis. REVUE FRANCAISE D ALLERGOLOGIE ET D IMMUNOLOGIE CLINIQUE. 2006;46(1):2–8.
Di Felice G, et al. Allergens of Arizona cypress (Cupressus arizonica) pollen: characterization of the pollen extract and identification of the allergenic components. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1994;94(3 Pt 1):547–55.
Di Felice G, et al. Cupressaceae pollinosis: identification, purification and cloning of relevant allergens. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2001;125(4):280–9.
Diaz-Perales A, et al. Cross-reactions in the latex-fruit syndrome: A relevant role of chitinases but not of complex asparagine-linked glycans. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1999;104(3):681–7.
DÍaz-Perales A, et al. Lipid-transfer proteins as potential plant panallergens: cross-reactivity among proteins of Artemisia pollen, Castanea nut and Rosaceae fruits, with different IgE-binding capacities. Clin Exp Allergy. 2000;30(10):1403–10.
Diaz-Perales A, et al. Characterization of asparagus allergens: a relevant role of lipid transfer proteins. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002;110(5):790–6.
Dolle S, et al. Cabbage allergy: a rare cause of food-induced anaphylaxis. Acta Derm Venereol. 2013;93(4):485–6.
Drew AC, et al. Purification of the major group 1 allergen from Bahia grass pollen, Pas n 1. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2011;154(4):295–8.
Dube M, et al. Effect of technological processing on the allergenicity of mangoes (Mangifera indica L.). J Agric Food Chem. 2004;52(12):3938–45.
Duffort O, et al. Variability of Ole e 9 allergen in olive pollen extracts: relevance of minor allergens in immunotherapy treatments. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2006;140(2):131–8.
Dursun AB, et al. Regional pollen load: effect on sensitisation and clinical presentation of seasonal allergic rhinitis in patients living in Ankara, Turkey. Allergol Immunopathol. 2008;36(6):371–8.
Ebner C, et al. Characterization of allergens in plant-derived spices: Apiaceae spices, pepper (Piperaceae), and paprika (bell peppers, Solanaceae). Allergy. 1998;53(46 Suppl):52–4.
Ebo DG, et al. Sensitization to cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants and the ubiquitous protein profilin: mimickers of allergy. Clin Exp Allergy. 2004;34(1):137–44.
Ebo D, et al. Monosensitivity to pangasius and tilapia caused by allergens other than parvalbumin. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2010;20(1):84–8.
Egger C, et al. The allergen profile of beech and oak pollen. Clin Exp Allergy. 2008;38(10):1688–96.
Egmar AC, et al. Deposition of cat (Fel d 1), dog (Can f 1), and horse allergen over time in public environments–a model of dispersion. Allergy. 1998;53(10):957–61.
Eke Gungor H, et al. An unexpected cause of anaphylaxis: potato. Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016;48(4):149–52.
Elsayed S, Bennich H. The primary structure of allergen M from cod. Scand J Immunol. 1975;4(2):203–8.
Elsayed S, Aas K, Christensen T. Partial characterization of homogeneous allergens (cod). Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 1971;40(3):439–47.
Enberg RN, et al. Watermelon and ragweed share allergens. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1987;79(6):867–75.
Enberg R, et al. Ubiquitous presence of cat allergen in cat-free buildings: probable dispersal from human clothing. Ann Allergy. 1993;70(6):471–4.
Eng PA, et al. Inhalant allergy to fresh asparagus. Clin Exp Allergy. 1996;26(3):330–4.
Enrique E, et al. IgE reactivity to profilin in Platanus acerifolia pollen-sensitized subjects with plant-derived food allergy. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2004;14(4):4–342.
Enrique E, et al. Lipid transfer protein is involved in rhinoconjunctivitis and asthma produced by rice inhalation. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;116(4):926–8.
Enrique E, et al. Involvement of lipid transfer protein in onion allergy. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2007;98(2):202.
Enríquez OP, et al. Aeroallergens, skin tests and allergic diseases in 1091 patients. Revista alergia Mexico. 1997;44(3):63–6.
Eriksson N, Ryden B, Jonsson P. Hypersensitivity to larvae of chironomids (non-biting midges). Allergy. 1989;44(5):305–13.
Eriksson NE, et al. Self-reported food hypersensitivity in Sweden, Denmark, Estonia, Lithuania, and Russia. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2004;14(1):70–9.
Escribano MM, et al. Acute urticaria after ingestion of asparagus. Allergy. 1998;53(6):622–3.
Fahlbusch B, et al. Purification and partial characterization of the major allergen, Cav p 1, from guinea pig Cavia porcellus. Allergy. 2002;57(5):417–22.
Fang Y, et al. Two new types of allergens from the cockroach, Periplaneta americana. Allergy. 2015;70(12):1674–8.
Fernández-Caldas E, et al. House dust mite allergy in Florida. Mite survey in households of mite-sensitive individuals in Tampa, Florida. In Allergy and Asthma Proceedings. 1990. OceanSide Publications.
Fernandez-Caldas E, et al. Mite fauna, Der p I, Der f I and Blomia tropicalis allergen levels in a tropical environment. Clin Exp Allergy. 1993;23(4):292–7.
Fernandez-Rivas M, et al. Anaphylaxis to raw carrot not linked to pollen allergy. Allergy. 2004;59(11):1239–40.
Fiedler EM, Zuberbier T, Worm M. A combination of wheat flour, ethanol and food additives inducing FDEIA. Allergy. 2002;57(11):1090–1.
Fischer S, et al. Characterization of Phl p 4, a major timothy grass (Phleum pratense) pollen allergen. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1996;98(1):189–98.
Fisher AA. Esoteric contact dermatitis. Part III: Ragweed dermatitis. Cutis. 1996;57(4):199–200.
Flicker S, et al. A human monoclonal IgE antibody defines a highly allergenic fragment of the major timothy grass pollen allergen, Phl p 5: molecular, immunological, and structural characterization of the epitope-containing domain. J Immunol. 2000;165(7):3849–59.
Flores I, et al. Cloning and molecular characterization of a cDNA from Blomia tropicalis homologous to dust mite group 3 allergens (trypsin-like proteases). Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2003;130(1):12–6.
Fonseca-Fonseca L, Díaz AM. IgE reactivity from serum of Blomia tropicalis allergic patients to the recombinant protein Blo t 1. P R Health Sci J. 2003;22(4):353–7.
Fotisch K, et al. Involvement of carbohydrate epitopes in the IgE response of celery-allergic patients. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 1999;120(1):30–42.
Fountain DW, Cornford CA. Aerobiology and allergenicity of Pinus radiata pollen in New Zealand. Grana. 1991;30(1):71–5.
Francuz B, et al. Occupational asthma induced by Chrysonilia sitophila in a worker exposed to coffee grounds. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2010;17(10):1645–6.
Freeman G. Pine pollen allergy in northern Arizona. Ann Allergy. 1993;70(6):491–4.
Fregert S, Sjoborg S. Unsuspected lettuce immediate allergy in a case of delayed metal allergy. Contact Dermatitis. 1982;8(4):265.
Fujimura T, Kawamoto S. Spectrum of allergens for Japanese cedar pollinosis and impact of component-resolved diagnosis on allergen-specific immunotherapy. Allergol Int. 2015;64(4):312–20.
Fujita C, Moriyama T, Ogawa T. Identification of cyclophilin as an IgE-binding protein from carrots. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2001;125(1):44–50.
Gabriel MF, et al. Alternaria alternata allergens: Markers of exposure, phylogeny and risk of fungi-induced respiratory allergy. Environ Int. 2016;89-90:71–80.
Gadermaier G, et al. Characterization of Art v 3, a lipid-transfer protein of mugwort pollen. In Poster 2nd Int Symp Molecular Allergol, Rome, Italy. 2007.
Galdi E, et al. Exacerbation of asthma related to Eucalyptus pollens and to herb infusion containing Eucalyptus. Monaldi Arch Chest Disease. 2003;59(3):220–1.
Galland A, et al. Purification of a 41 kDa cod-allergenic protein. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 1998;706(1):63–71.
Garcia F, et al. Allergy to Anacardiaceae: description of cashew and pistachio nut allergens. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2000;10(3):173–7.
García-Casado G, et al. Rye Inhibitors of Animal α-amylases Show Different Specifities, Aggregative Properties and IgE-binding Capacities than Their Homologues from Wheat and Barley. FEBS J. 1994;224(2):525–31.
García-Casado G, et al. A major baker’s asthma allergen from rye flour is considerably more active than its barley counterpart. FEBS Lett. 1995;364(1):36–40.
Garcia-Gonzalez JJ, et al. Prevalence of atopy in students from Malaga, Spain. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1998;80(3):237–44.
Gaudibert R. Quincke’s oedema due to A. and S. Revue Francaise d’Allergie. 1971;11(1):75–7.
Gavrović MD, et al. Comparison of allergenic potentials of timothy (Phleum pratense) pollens from different pollen seasons collected in the Belgrade area. Allergy. 1997;52(2):210–4.
Gavrović-Jankulović M, et al. Isolation and partial characterization of Fes p 4 allergen. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2000;10(6):361–7.
Ghosh B, Perry MP, Marsh DG. Cloning the cDNA encoding the AmbtV allergen from giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifida) pollen. Gene. 1991;101(2):231–8.
Gniazdowska B, Doroszewska G, Doroszewski W. Hypersensitivity to weed pollen allergens in the region of Bygdoszcz. Pneumonol Alergol Pol. 1993;61(7–8):367–72.
Gomez F, et al. The clinical and immunological effects of Pru p 3 sublingual immunotherapy on peach and peanut allergy in patients with systemic reactions. Clin Exp Allergy. 2017;47(3):339–50.
Gonzales-González VA, et al. Prevalence of food allergens sensitization and food allergies in a group of allergic Honduran children. Allergy, Asthma Clin Immunol. 2018;14(1):23.
Gordon S, et al. Reduction of airborne allergenic urinary proteins from laboratory rats. Occup Environ Med. 1992;49(6):416–22.
Grote M, Westritschnig K, Valenta R. Immunogold electron microscopic localization of the 2 EF-hand calcium-binding pollen allergen Phl p 7 and its homologues in pollens of grasses, weeds and trees. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2008;146(2):113–21.
Guérin-Marchand C, et al. Cloning, sequencing and immunological characterization of Dac g 3, a major allergen from Dactylis glomerata pollen. Mol Immunol. 1996;33(9):797–806.
Guill M. Bronchial reactivity to Alternaria and Epicoccum antigens in asthmatic patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1984;73:178.
Guo F, et al. Purification, crystallization and initial crystallographic characterization of brazil-nut allergen Ber e 2. Acta Crystallogr Sect F: Struct Biol Cryst Commun. 2007;63(11):976–9.
Gustchina A, et al. Crystal structure of cockroach allergen Bla g 2, an unusual zinc binding aspartic protease with a novel mode of self-inhibition. J Mol Biol. 2005;348(2):433–44.
Gyldenlove M, Menne T, Thyssen JP. Eucalyptus contact allergy. Contact Dermatitis. 2014;71(5):303–4.
Hallert C, et al. Oats can be included in gluten-free diet. Lakartidningen. 1999;96(30–31):3339–40.
Halmepuro L, Salvaggio J, Lehrer S. Crawfish and lobster allergens: identification and structural similarities with other crustacea. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 1987;84(2):165–72.
Han S-H, et al. Identification and characterization of epitopes on Cyn d I, the major allergen of Bermuda grass pollen. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1993;91(5):1035–41.
Hansen KS, et al. Component-resolved in vitro diagnosis of hazelnut allergy in Europe. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;123(5):1134–1141. e3.
Harish Babu BN, Wilfred A, Venkatesh YP. Emerging food allergens: Identification of polyphenol oxidase as an important allergen in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). Immunobiology. 2017;222(2):155–63.
Hayek B, et al. Molecular and immunologic characterization of a highly cross-reactive two EF-hand calcium-binding alder pollen allergen, Aln g 4: structural basis for calcium-modulated IgE recognition. J Immunol. 1998;161(12):7031–9.
Hedenstierna G, et al. Lung function and rhizopus antibodies in wood trimmers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 1986;58(3):167–77.
Heine RG, Laske N, Hill DJ. The diagnosis and management of egg allergy. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2006;6(2):145–52.
Helm RM, et al. Cellular and molecular characterization of a major soybean allergen. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 1998;117(1):29–37.
Hemmens V, et al. A comparison of the antigenic and allergenic components of birch and alder pollens in Scandinavia and Australia. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 1988;85(1):27–37.
Hendrick DJ, et al. Allergic bronchopulmonary helminthosporiosis. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1982;126(5):935–8.
Hernandez E, et al. Anaphylaxis caused by cauliflower. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2005;15(2):158–9.
Herrera-Mozo I, et al. Description of a novel panallergen of cross-reactivity between moulds and foods. Immunol Investig. 2006;35(2):181–97.
Hiller KM, Esch RE, Klapper DG. Mapping of an allergenically important determinant of grass group I allergens. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1997;100(3):335–40.
Hilmioğlu-Polat S, et al. Non-dermatophytic molds as agents of onychomycosis in Izmir, Turkey–a prospective study. Mycopathologia. 2005;160(2):125–8.
Hindley J, et al. Bla g 6: a troponin C allergen from Blattella germanica with IgE binding calcium dependence. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;117(6):1389–95.
Hirschwehr R, et al. Identification of common allergenic structures in hazel pollen and hazelnuts: a possible explanation for sensitivity to hazelnuts in patients allergic to tree pollen. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1992;90(6):927–36.
Hirschwehr R, et al. Identification of common allergenic structures in mugwort and ragweed pollen. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1998;101(2):196–206.
Hoffmann-Sommergruber K, et al. Molecular characterization of Dau c 1, the Bet v 1 homologous protein from carrot and its cross-reactivity with Bet v 1 and Api g 1. Clin Exp Allergy. 1999;29(6):840–7.
Holm LG, et al. The world’s worst weeds. Distribution and biology. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii; 1977.
Holsen DS, Aarebrot S. Poisonous mushrooms, mushroom poisons and mushroom poisoning. A review. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 1997;117(23):3385–8.
Horiguchi T, et al. Clinical studies on bronchial asthma caused by contact with hamsters. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2000;18(3):141–5.
Horner W, et al. Fungal allergens. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1995;8(2):161–79.
Hoy RF, et al. Mushroom worker’s lung: organic dust exposure in the spawning shed. Med J Aust. 2007;186(9):472–4.
Huang SK, Marsh DG. Human T-cell responses to ragweed allergens: Amb V homologues. Immunology. 1991;73(3):363–5.
Huang SK, Zwollo P, Marsh DG. Class II major histocompatibility complex restriction of human T cell responses to short ragweed allergen, Amb a V. Eur J Immunol. 1991;21(6):1469–73.
Imhof K, et al. Ash pollen allergy: reliable detection of sensitization on the basis of IgE to Ole e 1. Allergo J Int. 2014;23(3):78–83.
Indyk HE, Filonzi EL, Gapper LW. Determination of minor proteins of bovine milk and colostrum by optical biosensor analysis. J AOAC Int. 2006;89(3):898–902.
Inomata N, et al. Late-onset anaphylaxis after ingestion of Bacillus Subtilis-fermented soybeans (Natto): clinical review of 7 patients. Allergol Int. 2007;56(3):257–61.
Inomata N, et al. Identification of gibberellin-regulated protein as a new allergen in orange allergy. Clin Exp Allergy. 2018.
Inschlag C, et al. Biochemical characterization of Pru a 2, a 23-kD thaumatin-like protein representing a potential major allergen in cherry (Prunus avium). Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 1998;116(1):22–8.
Ipsen H, Løwenstein H. Isolation and immunochemical characterization of the major allergen of birch pollen (Betula verrucosa). J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1983;72(2):150–9.
Irani C, et al. Food allergy in Lebanon: Is sesame seed the" Middle Eastern" peanut. World Allergy Organ J. 2011;4(1):1.
Izumi H, et al. Nucleotide sequence of a cDNA clone encoding a major allergenic protein in rice seeds homology of the deduced amino acid sequence with members of α-amylase/trypsin inhibitor family. FEBS Lett. 1992;302(3):213–6.
Izumi H, et al. Structural characterization of the 16-kDa allergen, RA17, in rice seeds. Prediction of the secondary structure and identification of intramolecular disulfide bridges. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 1999;63(12):2059–63.
Jacquenet S, Moneret-Vautrin D-A. Les allergènes de l’arachide et des fruits à coque. Revue française d’allergologie et d’immunologie clinique. 2007;47(8):487–91.
Jaggi KS, et al. Identification of two distinct allergenic sites on ryegrass-pollen allergen, Lol p IV. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1989;83(4):845–52.
Jappe U, et al. Meat allergy associated with galactosyl-α-(1, 3)-galactose (α-gal)—closing diagnostic gaps by anti-α-gal Ige immune profiling. Allergy. 2018;73(1):93–105.
Jelen G. Nail-fold contact dermatitis from coffee powder. Contact Dermatitis. 2009;60(5):289–90.
Jensen-Jarolim E, et al. Bell peppers (Capsicum annuum) express allergens (profilin, pathogenesis-related protein P23 and Bet v 1) depending on the horticultural strain. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 1998;116(2):103–9.
Jensen-Jarolim E, et al. Allergologic exploration of germins and germin-like proteins, a new class of plant allergens. Allergy. 2002;57(9):805–10.
Jeong KY, et al. Allergenicity of recombinant Bla g 7, German cockroach tropomyosin. Allergy. 2003;58(10):1059–63.
Jeong KY, et al. Sequence polymorphisms of major German cockroach allergens Bla g 1, Bla g 2, Bla g 4, and Bla g 5. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2008;145(1):1–8.
Kaiser L, et al. The crystal structure of the major cat allergen Fel d 1, a member of the secretoglobin family. J Biol Chem. 2003;278(39):37730–5.
Kamm YJ, et al. Provocation tests in extrinsic allergic alveolitis in mushroom workers. Neth J Med. 1991;38(1–2):59–64.
Kao SH, et al. Identification and immunologic characterization of an allergen, alliin lyase, from garlic (Allium sativum). J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;113(1):161–8.
Karlsson A-L, et al. Bet v 1 homologues in strawberry identified as IgE-binding proteins and presumptive allergens. Allergy. 2004;59(12):1277–84.
Karlsson-Borgå A, Jonsson P, Rolfsen W. Specific IgE antibodies to 16 widespread mold genera in patients with suspected mold allergy. Ann Allergy. 1989;63(6 Pt 1):521–6.
Katial RK, et al. Mugwort and sage (Artemisia) pollen cross-reactivity: ELISA inhibition and immunoblot evaluation. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1997;79(4):340–6.
Kato T, et al. Release of allergenic proteins from rice grains induced by high hydrostatic pressure. J Agric Food Chem. 2000;48(8):3124–9.
Kawai M, et al. Allergic contact dermatitis due to carrots. J Dermatol. 2014;41(8):753–4.
Kelso JM, Bardina L, Beyer K. Allergy to canned tuna. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;111(4):901.
Khantisitthiporn O, et al. Native troponin-T of the American cockroach (CR), Periplaneta americana, binds to IgE in sera of CR allergic Thais. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2007;25(4):189.
Kim SH, et al. Changes in basophil activation during immunotherapy with house dust mite and mugwort in patients with allergic rhinitis. Asia Pac Allergy. 2018;8(1):e6.
Kimoto M. Identification of allergens in cereals and their hypoallergenization. I. Screening of allergens in wheat and identification of an allergen, Tri a Bd 17 K. Ann Report Interdiscipl Res Inst Environ Sci. 1998;17:53–60.
Kleber-Janke T, et al. Selective cloning of peanut allergens, including profilin and 2S albumins, by phage display technology. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 1999;119(4):265–74.
Klysner S, et al. Group V allergens in grass pollens: IV. Similarities in amino acid compositions and NH2-terminal sequences of the Group V allergens from Lolium perenne, Poa pratensis and Dactylis glomerata. Clin Exp Allergy. 1992;22(4):491–7.
Kochhar S, et al. Isolation and characterization of 2S cocoa seed albumin storage polypeptide and the corresponding cDNA. J Agric Food Chem. 2001;49(9):4470–7.
Koike Y, et al. Predictors of Persistent Wheat Allergy in Children: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2018;176(3–4):249–54.
Kosisky SE, Carpenter GB. Predominant tree aeroallergens of the Washington, DC area: a six year survey (1989–1994). Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1997;78(4):381–92.
Krawczyk K, et al. Improving B-cell epitope prediction and its application to global antibody-antigen docking. Bioinformatics. 2014;30(16):2288–94.
Kuehn A, et al. Fish allergens at a glance: variable allergenicity of parvalbumins, the major fish allergens. Front Immunol. 2014;5:179.
Kuo MC, et al. Purification and immunochemical characterization of recombinant and native ragweed allergen Amb a II. Mol Immunol. 1993;30(12):1077–87.
Kurisaki J, Atassi H, Atassi MZ. T cell recognition of ragweed allergen Ra3: localization of the full T cell recognition profile by synthetic overlapping peptides representing the entire protein chain. Eur J Immunol. 1986;16(3):236–40.
Kurup VP, Vijay HM. Fungal allergens. In: Allergens and Allergen Immunotherapy. 4th ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2008. p. 155–74.
Lai HY, et al. Molecular and structural analysis of immunoglobulin E-binding epitopes of Pen ch 13, an alkaline serine protease major allergen from Penicillium chrysogenum. Clin Exp Allergy. 2004;34(12):1926–33.
Larenas DL, et al. Allergens used in skin tests in Mexico. Revista alergia Mexico. 2009;56(2):41–7.
Larsen JEP, Lund O, Nielsen M. Improved method for predicting linear B-cell epitopes. Immunome Res. 2006;2(1):2.
Le LQ, et al. Design of tomato fruits with reduced allergenicity by dsRNAi-mediated inhibition of ns-LTP (Lyc e 3) expression. Plant Biotechnol J. 2006;4(2):231–42.
Leduc-Brodard V, et al. Characterization of Dac g 4, a major basic allergen from Dactylis glomerata pollen. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1996;98(6):1065–72.
Lee J, et al. Eggplant anaphylaxis in a patient with latex allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;113(5):995–6.
Lee M-F, et al. Sensitization to Per a 2 of the American cockroach correlates with more clinical severity among airway allergic patients in Taiwan. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2012;108(4):243–8.
Lee JY, et al. Characterization of a Major Allergen from Mongolian Oak, Quercus mongolica, a Dominant Species of Oak in Korea. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2017;174(2):77–85.
Lehrer SB. Respiratory allergy induced by fungi. Clin Chest Med. 1983;4:23–41.
Leitermann K, Ohman JL Jr. Cat allergen 1: biochemical, antigenic, and allergenic properties. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1984;74(2):147–53.
Leng X, Ye ST. An investigation on in vivo allergenicity of Artemisia annua leaves and stems. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 1987;5(2):125–8.
Leung PS, Chu K-H. Molecular and immunological characterization of shellfish allergens. In: New developments in marine biotechnology. Boston: Springer; 1998. p. 155–64.
Leung P, Chu K. cDNA cloning and molecular identification of the major oyster allergen from the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. Clin Exp Allergy. 2001;31(8):1287–94.
Leung PS, et al. Cloning, expression, and primary structure of Metapenaeus ensis tropomyosin, the major heat-stable shrimp allergen. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1994;94(5):882–90.
Leung PS, et al. IgE reactivity against a cross-reactive allergen in crustacea and mollusca: evidence for tropomyosin as the common allergen. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1996;98(5):954–61.
Leung PS, et al. Identification and molecular characterization of Charybdis feriatus tropomyosin, the major crab allergen. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1998a;102(5):847–52.
Leung PS, et al. Molecular identification of the lobster muscle protein tropomyosin as a seafood allergen. Mol Mar Biol Biotechnol. 1998b;7:12.
Leung P, Chen Y, Chu K. Seafood allergy: tropomyosins and beyond. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 1999;32(3):143–54.
Leung PS, Shu S-A, Chang C. The changing geoepidemiology of food allergies. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2014a;46(3):169–79.
Leung NY, et al. Current immunological and molecular biological perspectives on seafood allergy: a comprehensive review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2014b;46(3):180–97.
Levetin E, et al. Taxonomy of Allergenic Fungi. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2016;4(3):375–385 e1.
Lian Y, Ge M, Pan X-M. EPMLR: sequence-based linear B-cell epitope prediction method using multiple linear regression. BMC Bioinform. 2014;15(1):414.
Liang K-L, et al. Role of pollen allergy in Taiwanese patients with allergic rhinitis. J Formos Med Assoc. 2010;109(12):879–85.
Liebers V, et al. Overview on denominated allergens. Clin Exp Allergy. 1996;26(5):494–516.
Lin K-L, et al. Characterization of Der p V allergen, cDNA analysis, and IgE-mediated reactivity to the recombinant protein. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1994;94(6):989–96.
Lin J, et al. Identification of a novel cofilin-related molecule (Der f 31) as an allergen from Dermatophagoides farinae. Immunobiology. 2018;223(2):246–51.
Liu R, et al. Tropomyosin from tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) as an allergen. Clin Exp Allergy. 2013;43(3):365–77.
Loh W, Tang MLK. The Epidemiology of Food Allergy in the Global Context. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(9)
Lombardero M, et al. Cross-reactivity among Chenopodiaceae and Amaranthaceae. Ann Allergy. 1985;54(5):430–6.
Lombardero M, et al. Prevalence of sensitization to Artemisia allergens Art v 1, Art v 3 and Art v 60 kDa. Cross-reactivity among Art v 3 and other relevant lipid-transfer protein allergens. Clin Exp Allergy. 2004;34(9):1415–21.
Lopata AL, Zinn C, Potter PC. Characteristics of hypersensitivity reactions and identification of a unique 49 kd IgE-binding protein (Hal-m-1) in abalone (Haliotis midae). J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1997;100(5):642–8.
Lopata AL, et al. Development of a monoclonal antibody detection assay for species-specific identification of abalone. Mar Biotechnol. 2002;4(5):454–62.
Lopez-Rubio A, et al. Occupational asthma caused by exposure to asparagus: detection of allergens by immunoblotting. Allergy. 1998;53(12):1216–20.
Lopez-Torrejon G, et al. Isolation, cloning and allergenic reactivity of natural profilin Cit s 2, a major orange allergen. Allergy. 2005;60(11):1424–9.
López-Torrejón G, et al. Allergenic reactivity of the melon profilin Cuc m 2 and its identification as major allergen. Clin Exp Allergy. 2005;35(8):1065–72.
Lorusso J, Moffat S, Ohman JL Jr. Immunologic and biochemical properties of the major mouse urinary allergen (Mus m I). J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1986;78(5):928–37.
Lu Y, et al. Preparation and characterization of monoclonal antibody against abalone allergen tropomyosin. Hybrid Hybridomics. 2004;23(6):357–61.
Lynch NR, et al. Biological activity of recombinant Der p 2, Der p 5 and Der p 7 allergens of the house-dust mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 1997;114(1):59–67.
Ma S, Yin J. Anaphylaxis induced by ingestion of raw garlic. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2012;9(8):773–5.
Mabelane T, et al. Predictive values of alpha-gal IgE levels and alpha-gal IgE: Total IgE ratio and oral food challenge-proven meat allergy in a population with a high prevalence of reported red meat allergy. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2018.
MALO JL, et al. Detection of snow-crab antigens by air sampling of a snow-crab production plant. Clin Exp Allergy. 1997;27(1):75–8.
Manavalan B, et al. iBCE-EL: a new ensemble learning framework for improved linear B-cell epitope prediction. Front Immunol. 2018;9
Mandallaz MM, de Weck AL, Dahinden CA. Bird-egg syndrome. Cross-reactivity between bird antigens and egg-yolk livetins in IgE-mediated hypersensitivity. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1988;87(2):143–50.
Mäntyjärvi R, et al. Complementary DNA cloning of the predominant allergen of bovine dander: a new member in the lipocalin family. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1996;97(6):1297–303.
Mäntyjärvi R, Rautiainen J, Virtanen T. Lipocalins as allergens. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA). 2000;1482(1–2):308–17.
Mariana A, et al. House dust mite fauna in the Klang Valley, Malaysia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2000;31(4):712–21.
Marknell DeWitt A, et al. Molecular and immunological characterization of a novel timothy grass (Phleum pratense) pollen allergen, Phl p 11. Clin Exp Allergy. 2002;32(9):1329–40.
Marsh DG, et al. Immune responsiveness to Ambrosia artemisiifolia (short ragweed) pollen allergen Amb a VI (Ra6) is associated with HLA-DR5 in allergic humans. Immunogenetics. 1987;26(4–5):230–6.
Marsh DG, Zwollo P, Huang SK. Molecular and cellular studies of human immune responsiveness to the short ragweed allergen, Amb a V. Eur Respir J Suppl. 1991;13:60s–7s.
Marzban G, et al. Fruit cross-reactive allergens: A theme of uprising interest for consumers’ health. Biofactors. 2005;23(4):235–41.
Marzban G, et al. Identification of four IgE-reactive proteins in raspberry (Rubus ideaeus L.). Mol Nutr Food Res. 2008;52(12):1497–506.
Masthoff LJ, et al. Sensitization to Cor a 9 and Cor a 14 is highly specific for a hazelnut allergy with objective symptoms in Dutch children and adults. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;132(2):393–9.
Matsumoto R, et al. A clinical study of admitted the review of cases of food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis. Arerugi. 2009;58(5):548–53.
Matthews PA, Baldo BA, Howden ME. Cytochrome c allergens isolated from the pollens of the dicotyledons English plantain (Plantago lanceolata) and Paterson’s curse (Echium plantagineum). Mol Immunol. 1988a;25(1):63–8.
Matthews PA, Baldo BA, Howden ME. Cytochrome c allergens isolated from the pollens of the dicotyledons English plantain (Plantago lanceolata) and Paterson’s curse (Echium plantagineum). Mol Immunol. 1988b;25(1):63–8.
Matthiesen F, Løwenstein H. Group V allergens in grass pollens. II. Investigation of group V allergens in pollens from 10 grasses. Clin Exp Allergy. 1991;21(3):309–20.
Maulitz RM, Pratt DS, Schocket AL. Exercise-induced anaphylactic reaction to shellfish. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1979;63(6):433–4.
McGivern D, Longbottom J, Davies D. Allergy to gerbils. Clin Allergy. 1985;15(2):163–5.
Meding B. Skin symptoms among workers in a spice factory. Contact Dermatitis. 1993;29(4):202–5.
Miller JD. The role of dust mites in allergy. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2018.
Miller H, Campbell DH. Skin test reactions to various chemical fractions of egg white and their possible clinical significance. J Allergy. 1950;21(6):522–4.
Mills K, et al. Molecular characterization of the group 4 house dust mite allergen from Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and its amylase homologue from Euroglyphus maynei. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 1999;120(2):100–7.
Miralles JC, et al. Occupational rhinitis and bronchial asthma due to artichoke (Cynara scolymus). Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2003;91(1):92–5.
Mittag D, et al. Ara h 8, a Bet v 1–homologous allergen from peanut, is a major allergen in patients with combined birch pollen and peanut allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;114(6):1410–7.
Miyazaki H, et al. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis induced by Pleurotus eryngii spores – a case report. Nihon Kokyuki Gakkai Zasshi. 2003;41(11):827–33.
Mohamad Yadzir ZH, et al. Tropomyosin and Actin Identified as Major Allergens of the Carpet Clam (Paphia textile) and the Effect of Cooking on Their Allergenicity. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:254152.
Mohovic J, Gambale W, Croce J. Cutaneous positivity in patients with respiratory allergies to 42 allergenic extracts of airborne fungi isolated in São Paulo, Brazil. Allergol Immunopathol. 1988;16(6):397–402.
Mole LE, et al. The amino acid sequence of ragweed pollen allergen Ra5. Biochemistry. 1975;14(6):1216–20.
Moneret-Vautrin DA, et al. Food allergy and IgE sensitization caused by spices: CICBAA data (based on 589 cases of food allergy). Allerg Immunol (Paris). 2002;34(4):135–40.
Montealegre F, et al. Prevalence of skin reactions to aeroallergens in asthmatics of Puerto Rico. P R Health Sci J. 1997;16(4):359–67.
Mora C, et al. Cloning and expression of Blo t 1, a novel allergen from the dust mite Blomia tropicalis, homologous to cysteine proteases. Clin Exp Allergy. 2003;33(1):28–34.
Moreno-Ancillo A, et al. Occupational asthma due to carrot in a cook. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2005;33(5):288–90.
Morita E, et al. Fast ω-gliadin is a major allergen in wheat-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis. J Dermatol Sci. 2003;33(2):99–104.
Mourad W, et al. Study of the epitope structure of purified Dac GI and Lol p I, the major allergens of Dactylis glomerata and Lolium perenne pollens, using monoclonal antibodies. J Immunol. 1988;141(10):3486–91.
Muljono IS, Voorhorst R. Atopy to dander from domestic animals. Allerg Immunol (Leipz). 1978;24(1):50–60.
Muñoz F, et al. Airborne contact urticaria due to mulberry (Morus alba) pollen. Contact Dermatitis. 1995;32(1):61.
Müsken H, et al. Sensitization to different mite species in German farmers: clinical aspects. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2000;10(6):346–51.
Nagakura KI, et al. Oral Immunotherapy in Japanese Children with Anaphylactic Peanut Allergy. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2018;175:181–8.
Nakase M, et al. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) α-amylase inhibitors of 14− 16 kDa are potential allergens and products of a multigene family. J Agric Food Chem. 1996;44(9):2624–8.
Nakase M, et al. Cereal allergens: rice-seed allergens with structural similarity to wheat and barley allergens. Allergy. 1998;53(s46):55–7.
Nandy A, et al. Primary structure, recombinant expression, and molecular characterization of Phl p 4, a major allergen of timothy grass (Phleum pratense). Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005;337(2):563–70.
Natarajan SS, et al. Characterization of storage proteins in wild (Glycine soja) and cultivated (Glycine max) soybean seeds using proteomic analysis. J Agric Food Chem. 2006;54(8):3114–20.
Nater JP, Zwartz JA. Atopic allergic reactions due to raw potato. J Allergy. 1967;40(4):202–6.
Nater JP, Zwartz JA. Atopic allergic reactions caused by raw potato. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 1968;112(18):851–3.
Navarro A, et al. Primary sensitization to Morus alba. Allergy. 1997;52(11):1144–5.
Nelson HS. Immunotherapy for house-dust mite allergy. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2018;39(4):264–72.
Nevot Falco S, Casas Ramisa R, Lleonart Bellfill R. Bird-egg syndrome in children. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2003;31(3):161–5.
Niederberger V, et al. Recombinant birch pollen allergens (rBet v 1 and rBet v 2) contain most of the IgE epitopes present in birch, alder, hornbeam, hazel, and oak pollen: a quantitative IgE inhibition study with sera from different populations. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1998;102(4):579–91.
Niederberger V, et al. Calcium-dependent immunoglobulin E recognition of the apo-and calcium-bound form of a cross-reactive two EF-hand timothy grass pollen allergen, Phl p 7. FASEB J. 1999;13(8):843–56.
Niinimaki A, Hannuksela M, Makinen-Kiljunen S. Skin prick tests and in vitro immunoassays with native spices and spice extracts. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1995;75(3):280–6.
Nilsen BM, Paulsen BS. Isolation and characterization of a glycoprotein allergen, Art v II, from pollen of mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris L.). Mol Immunol. 1990;27(10):1047–56.
Ninet B, et al. Molecular identification of Fusarium species in onychomycoses. Dermatology. 2005;210(1):21–5.
Nowak-Wegrzyn A, et al. Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome caused by solid food proteins. Pediatrics. 2003;111(4 Pt 1):829–35.
O’Connell MA, et al. Rhizopus-induced hypersensitivity pneumonitis in a tractor driver. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1995;95(3):779–80.
Oberhuber C, et al. Prevalence of IgE-binding to Art v 1, Art v 4 and Amb a 1 in mugwort-allergic patients. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2008a;145(2):94–101.
Oberhuber C, et al. Prevalence of IgE-binding to Art v 1, Art v 4 and Amb a 1 in mugwort-allergic patients. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2008b;145(2):94–101.
Ogawa T, et al. Investigation of the IgE-binding proteins in soybeans by immunoblotting with the sera of the soybean-sensitive patients with atopic dermatitis. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol. 1991;37(6):555–65.
Ohman JL, Kendall S, Lowell FC. IgE antibody to cat allergens in an allergic population. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1977;60(5):317–23.
Ojeda P, et al. Alergólogica 2015: A National Survey on Allergic Diseases in the Adult Spanish Population. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2018;28(3):151–64.
Orhan F, Sekerel BE. A case of isolated rice allergy. Allergy. 2003;58(5):456–7.
Osuna H, et al. 18 cases of asthma induced by hamster or guinea-pig bred as pets. Arerugi. 1997;46(10):1072–5.
Palacin A, et al. Cabbage lipid transfer protein Bra o 3 is a major allergen responsible for cross-reactivity between plant foods and pollens. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;117(6):1423–9.
Palacín A, et al. The involvement of thaumatin-like proteins in plant food cross-reactivity: a multicenter study using a specific protein microarray. PLoS One. 2012;7(9):e44088.
Palomares O, et al. 1, 3-β-glucanases as candidates in latex–pollen–vegetable food cross-reactivity. Clin Exp Allergy. 2005;35(3):345–51.
Palomares O, et al. Prophylactic intranasal treatment with fragments of 1,3-beta-glucanase olive pollen allergen prevents airway inflammation in a murine model of type I allergy. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2006a;139(3):175–80.
Palomares O, et al. Allergenic contribution of the IgE-reactive domains of the 1,3-beta-glucanase Ole e 9: diagnostic value in olive pollen allergy. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2006b;97(1):61–5.
Palomares O, et al. The major allergen of olive pollen Ole e 1 is a diagnostic marker for sensitization to Oleaceae. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2006c;141(2):110–8.
Palosuo T, et al. Measurement of natural rubber latex allergen levels in medical gloves by allergen-specific IgE-ELISA inhibition, RAST inhibition, and skin prick test. Allergy. 1998;53(1):59–67.
Palosuo K, et al. Rye γ-70 and γ-35 secalins and barley γ-3 hordein cross-react with ω-5 gliadin, a major allergen in wheat-dependent, exercise-induced anaphylaxis. Clin Exp Allergy. 2001;31(3):466–73.
Pan Q, et al. Identification and characterization of Per a 2, the Bla g 2 allergen homologue from American cockroach (Periplaneta americana). J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;117(2):S115.
Parlak M, et al. Sensitization to food and inhalant allergens in healthy children in Van, East Turkey. Turk J Med Sci. 2016;46(2):278–82.
Parrish CP, Har D, Andrew Bird J. Current Status of Potential Therapies for IgE-Mediated Food Allergy. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2018;18(3):18.
Paschke A, et al. Characterization of cross-reacting allergens in mango fruit. Allergy. 2001;56(3):237–42.
Pastor C, et al. Identification of major allergens in watermelon. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2009;149(4):291–8.
Pastorello EA, et al. Allergenic cross-reactivity among peach, apricot, plum, and cherry in patients with oral allergy syndrome: an in vivo and in vitro study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1994;94(4):699–707.
Pastorello EA, et al. Identification of hazelnut major allergens in sensitive patients with positive double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge results. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002;109(3):563–70.
Patchett K, et al. Cat allergen (Fel d 1) levels on school children’s clothing and in primary school classrooms in Wellington, New Zealand. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1997;100(6):755–9.
Paulsen E, Andersen KE. Lettuce contact allergy. Contact Dermatitis. 2016;74(2):67–75.
Pearson RS. Potato sensitivity, and occupational allergy in housewives. Acta Allergol. 1966;21(6):507–14.
Perez M, et al. cDNA cloning and immunological characterization of the rye grass allergen Lol p I. J Biol Chem. 1990;265(27):16210–5.
Perez-Pimiento AJ, et al. Anaphylactic reaction to young garlic. Allergy. 1999;54(6):626–9.
Perfetti L, et al. Occupational asthma caused by cacao. Allergy. 1997;52(7):778–80.
Perrocheau L, et al. Probing heat-stable water-soluble proteins from barley to malt and beer. Proteomics. 2005;5(11):2849–58.
Peters JL, et al. Alternaria measures in inner-city, low-income housing by immunoassay and culture-based analysis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2008;100(4):364–9.
Peters U, et al. Identification of two metallothioneins as novel inhalative coffee allergens cof a 2 and cof a 3. PLoS One. 2015;10(5):e0126455.
Petersen A, et al. Group 13 grass allergens: structural variability between different grass species and analysis of proteolytic stability. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;107(5):856–62.
Pfaar O, Creticos PS. Ragweed sublingual tablet immunotherapy: part II - practical considerations and pertinent issues. Immunotherapy. 2018;10(7):617–26.
Pignataro V, et al. Proteome from lemon fruit flavedo reveals that this tissue produces high amounts of the Cit s1 germin-like isoforms. J Agric Food Chem. 2010;58(12):7239–44.
Pilyavskaya A, et al. Isolation and characterization of a new basic antigen from short ragweed pollen (Ambrosia artemisiifolia). Mol Immunol. 1995;32(7):523–9.
Pires G, et al. Allergy to garlic. Allergy. 2002;57(10):957–8.
Pittner G, et al. Component-resolved diagnosis of house-dust mite allergy with purified natural and recombinant mite allergens. Clin Exp Allergy. 2004;34(4):597–603.
Pöll V, et al. The vacuolar serine protease, a cross-reactive allergen from Cladosporium herbarum. Mol Immunol. 2009;46(7):1360–73.
Pollart SM, et al. Epidemiology of acute asthma: IgE antibodies to common inhalant allergens as a risk factor for emergency room visits. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1989;83(5):875–82.
Pomés A, et al. WHO/IUIS Allergen Nomenclature: Providing a common language. Mol Immunol. 2018;100:3–13.
Poncet P, et al. Evaluation of ash pollen sensitization pattern using proteomic approach with individual sera from allergic patients. Allergy. 2010;65(5):571–80.
Pons L, et al. The 18 kDa peanut oleosin is a candidate allergen for IgE-mediated reactions to peanuts. Allergy. 2002;57(s72):88–93.
Porcel S, et al. Food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis to pistachio. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2006;16(1):71–3.
Postigo I, et al. Diagnostic value of Alt a 1, fungal enolase and manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase in the component-resolved diagnosis of allergy to Pleosporaceae. Clin Exp Allergy. 2011;41(3):443–51.
Poznanski J, et al. Solution structure of a lipid transfer protein extracted from rice seeds. FEBS J. 1999;259(3):692–708.
Pramod SN, Venkatesh YP. Allergy to eggplant (Solanum melongena). J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;113(1):171–3.
Pramod SN, Venkatesh YP. Allergy to eggplant (Solanum melongena) caused by a putative secondary metabolite. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2008;18(1):59–62.
Prescott SL, et al. A global survey of changing patterns of food allergy burden in children. World Allergy Organ J. 2013;6(1):21.
Price J, Longbottom J. Allergy to Rabbits: I. Specificity and Non-Specificity of RAST and Crossed-Radioimmunoelectrophoresis due to the Presence of Light Chains in Rabbit Allergenic Extracts. Allergy. 1986;41(8):603–12.
Price J, PLongbottom J. Allergy to rabbits: II. Identification and characterization of a major rabbit allergen. Allergy. 1988;43(1):39–48.
Prichard MG, Ryan G, Musk AW. Wheat flour sensitisation and airways disease in urban bakers. Br J Ind Med. 1984;41(4):450–4.
Prince H, et al. Comparative skin tests with two Stemphylium species. Ann Allergy. 1971;29(10):531–4.
Pumhirun P, Towiwat P, Mahakit P. Aeroallergen sensitivity of Thai patients with allergic rhinitis. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 1997;15(4)
Puumalainen TJ, et al. Napins, 2S albumins, are major allergens in oilseed rape and turnip rape. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;117(2):426–32.
Pyee J, Yu H, Kolattukudy PE. Identification of a lipid transfer protein as the major protein in the surface wax of broccoli (Brassica oleracea) leaves. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1994;311(2):460–8.
Quirce S, et al. Occupational contact urticaria syndrome caused by globe artichoke (Cynara scolymus). J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1996;97(2):710–1.
Quirce S, et al. Chicken serum albumin (Gal d 5*) is a partially heat-labile inhalant and food allergen implicated in the bird-egg syndrome. Allergy. 2001;56(8):754–62.
Rahman AMA, et al. Characterization of seafood proteins causing allergic diseases. InTech; 2012.
Ramavovololona HS, et al. High IgE sensitization to maize and rice pollen in the highlands of Madagascar. Pan Afr Med J. 2014;19:284.
Renner R, et al. Identification of a 27 kDa protein in patients with anaphylactic reactions to mango. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2008;18(6):476–81.
Ribeiro H, et al. Pollen allergenic potential nature of some trees species: a multidisciplinary approach using aerobiological, immunochemical and hospital admissions data. Environ Res. 2009;109(3):328–33.
Rieker J, et al. Protein contact dermatitis to asparagus. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;113(2):354–5.
Rizzo M, et al. IgE antibodies to aeroallergens in allergic children in São Paulo, Brazil. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 1997;7(4):242–8.
Roberts A, et al. Recombinant pollen allergens from Dactylis glomerata: preliminary evidence that human IgE cross-reactivity between Dac g II and Lol p I/II is increased following grass pollen immunotherapy. Immunology. 1992;76(3):389.
Robotham JM, et al. Ana o 3, an important cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale L.) allergen of the 2S albumin family. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;115(6):1284–90.
Rocher A, et al. Identification of major rye secalins as coeliac immunoreactive proteins. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA). 1996;1295(1):13–22.
Rogers BL, et al. Sequence of the proteinase-inhibitor cystatin homologue from the pollen of Ambrosia artemisiifolia (short ragweed). Gene. 1993;133(2):219–21.
Romano A, et al. Diagnostic work-up for food-dependent, exercise-induced anaphylaxis. Allergy. 1995;50(10):817–24.
Romano C, Ferrara A, Falagiani P. A case of allergy to globe artichoke and other clinical cases of rare food allergy. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2000;10(2):102–4.
Roux KH, Teuber SS, Sathe SK. Tree nut allergens. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2003;131(4):234–44.
Rozynek P, et al. TPIS-an IgE-binding wheat protein. Allergy. 2002;57(5):463.
Rudert A, Portnoy J. Mold allergy: is it real and what do we do about it? Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2017;13(8):823–35.
Russano AM, et al. Complementary roles for lipid and protein allergens in triggering innate and adaptive immune systems. Allergy. 2008;63(11):1428–37.
Rydjord B, et al. Antibody Response to Long-term and High-dose Mould-exposed Sawmill Workers. Scand J Immunol. 2007;66(6):711–8.
Sampson HA, et al. Effect of Varying Doses of Epicutaneous Immunotherapy vs Placebo on Reaction to Peanut Protein Exposure Among Patients With Peanut Sensitivity: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2017;318(18):1798–809.
Samson KTR, et al. IgE binding to raw and boiled shrimp proteins in atopic and nonatopic patients with adverse reactions to shrimp. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2004;133(3):225–32.
Sanchez MC, et al. Immunologic contact urticaria caused by asparagus. Contact Dermatitis. 1997;37(4):181–2.
Sanchez-Guerrero IM, Escudero AI. Occupational contact dermatitis to broccoli. Allergy. 1998;53(6):621–2.
Sanchez-Trincado JL, Gomez-Perosanz M, Reche PA. Fundamentals and methods for T-and B-Cell epitope prediction. J Immunol Res. 2017;2017.
Sander I, et al. Allergy to Aspergillus-derived enzymes in the baking industry: identification of beta-xylosidase from Aspergillus niger as a new allergen (Asp n 14). J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1998;102(2):256–64.
Sandiford C, et al. Identification of the major water/salt insoluble wheat proteins involved in cereal hypersensitivity. Clin Exp Allergy. 1997;27(10):1120–9.
Santilli J Jr, Rockwell WJ, Collins RP. The significance of the spores of the Basidiomycetes (mushrooms and their allies) in bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy. 1985;55(3):469–71.
Sathe SK, et al. Biochemical characterization of amandin, the major storage protein in almond (Prunus dulcis L.). J Agric Food Chem. 2002;50(15):4333–41.
Sato S, et al. Jug r 1 sensitization is important in walnut-allergic children and youth. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2017;5(6):1784–1786. e1.
Schaller M, Korting H. Allergie airborne contact dermatitis from essential oils used in aromatherapy. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1995;20(2):143–5.
Schmechel D, et al. Analytical bias of cross-reactive polyclonal antibodies for environmental immunoassays of Alternaria alternata. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;121(3):763–8.
Schou C, et al. Identification and purification of an important cross-reactive allergen from American (Periplaneta americana) and German (Blattella germanica) cockroach. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1990;86(6):935–46.
Schuller A, et al. Occupational asthma due to allergy to spinach powder in a pasta factory. Allergy. 2005;60(3):408–9.
Schumacher MJ, et al. Primary interaction between antibody and components of Alternaria: II. Antibodies in sera from normal, allergic, and immunoglobulin-deficient children. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1975;56(1):54–63.
Scurlock AM. Oral and sublingual immunotherapy for treatment of IgE-mediated food allergy. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2018; 1–14.
Scurlock AM, Jones SM. Advances in the approach to the patient with food allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018;
Sela-Culang I, et al. PEASE: predicting B-cell epitopes utilizing antibody sequence. Bioinformatics. 2014;31(8):1313–5.
Senna G, et al. Anaphylaxis due to Brazil nut skin testing in a walnut-allergic subject. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2005;15(3):225–7.
Shahali Y, et al. Identification of a polygalacturonase (Cup s 2) as the major CCD-bearing allergen in Cupressus sempervirens pollen. Allergy. 2017;72(11):1806–10.
Shanti K, et al. Identification of tropomyosin as the major shrimp allergen and characterization of its IgE-binding epitopes. J Immunol. 1993;151(10):5354–63.
Shen HD, et al. A monoclonal antibody against ragweed pollen cross-reacting with yellow dock pollen. Zhonghua Min Guo Wei Sheng Wu Ji Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi. 1985a;18(4):232–9.
Shen H, et al. A monoclonal antibody against ragweed pollen cross-reacting with yellow dock pollen. Chinese J Microbiol Immunol. 1985b;18(4):232–9.
Shen HD, et al. Characterization of a monoclonal antibody (P40) against the 68 kD major allergen of Penicillium notatum. Clin Exp Allergy. 1992;22(4):485–90.
SHEN HD, et al. IgE and monoclonal antibody binding by the mite allergen Der p 7. Clin Exp Allergy. 1996;26(3):308–15.
Shen HD, et al. Alkaline serine proteinase: a major allergen of Aspergillus oryzae and its cross-reactivity with Penicillium citrinum. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 1998;116(1):29–35.
Shen HD, et al. Molecular and immunological characterization of Pen ch 18, the vacuolar serine protease major allergen of Penicillium chrysogenum. Allergy. 2003;58(10):993–1002.
Sherson D, et al. Occupational asthma due to freeze-dried raspberry. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2003;90(6):660–3.
Sicherer SH. Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome: case presentations and management lessons. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;115(1):149–56.
Sicherer SH, Sampson HA. Auriculotemporal syndrome: a masquerader of food allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1996;97(3):851–2.
Sicherer SH, Sampson HA. Peanut and tree nut allergy. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2000;12(6):567–73.
Simon-Nobbe B, et al. NADP-dependent mannitol dehydrogenase, a major allergen of Cladosporium herbarum. J Biol Chem. 2006;281(24):16354–60.
Simonsen AB, et al. Contact allergy in Danish children: Current trends. Contact dermatitis. 2018;79:295–302.
Simpson A, et al. Skin test reactivity to natural and recombinant Blomia and Dermatophagoides spp. allergens among mite allergic patients in the UK. Allergy. 2003;58(1):53–6.
Slater JE. Rubber anaphylaxis. N Engl J Med. 1989;320(17):1126–30.
Slater JE. Medical rubber anaphylaxis. Lancet. 1991;337(8734):187.
Sletten G, et al. Effects of industrial processing on the immunogenicity of commonly ingested fish species. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2010;151(3):223–36.
Smeets K, et al. Isolation, characterization and molecular cloning of the mannose-binding lectins from leaves and roots of garlic (Allium sativum L.). Plant Mol Biol. 1997;33(2):223–34.
Smith P, et al. Isolation and characterization of group-I isoallergens from Bermuda grass pollen. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 1994;104(1):57–64.
Soga S, et al. Use of amino acid composition to predict epitope residues of individual antibodies. Protein Eng Des Sel. 2010;23(6):441–8.
Söllner J, Mayer B. Machine learning approaches for prediction of linear B-cell epitopes on proteins. J Molecular Recogn. 2006;19(3):200–8.
Solomon WR. An appraisal of Rumex pollen as an aerollergen. J Allergy. 1969;44(1):25–36.
Song J, et al. Mango profilin: cloning, expression and cross-reactivity with birch pollen profilin Bet v 2. Mol Biol Rep. 2008;35(2):231.
Sousa R, et al. In vitro exposure of Acer negundo pollen to atmospheric levels of SO2 and NO2: effects on allergenicity and germination. Environ Sci Technol. 2012;46(4):2406–12.
Spieksma FT, et al. City spore concentrations in the European Economic Community (EEC). IV. Summer weed pollen (Rumex, Plantago, Chenopodiaceae, Artemisia), 1976 and 1977. Clin Allergy. 1980;10(3):319–29.
Spitzauer S, et al. Characterization of allergens from deer: cross-reactivity with allergens from cow dander. Clin Exp Allergy. 1997;27(2):196–200.
Spuergin P, et al. Allergenicity of α-caseins from cow, sheep, and goat. Allergy. 1997;52(3):293–8.
Suck R, et al. Rapid and efficient purification of Phleum pratense major allergens Phl p 1 and group Phl p 2/3 using a two-step procedure. J Immunol Methods. 1999;229(1–2):73–80.
Suck R, et al. The high molecular mass allergen fraction of timothy grass pollen (Phleum pratense) between 50–60 kDa is comprised of two major allergens: Phl p 4 and Phl p 13. Clin Exp Allergy. 2000;30(10):1395–402.
Sudha V, et al. Identification of a serine protease as a major allergen (Per a 10) of Periplaneta americana. Allergy. 2008;63(6):768–76.
Suphioglu C, Ferreira F, Knox RB. Molecular cloning and immunological characterisation of Cyn d 7, a novel calcium-binding allergen from Bermuda grass pollen. FEBS Lett. 1997;402(2–3):167–72.
Suphioglu C, et al. Molecular cloning, expression and immunological characterisation of Lol p 5C, a novel allergen isoform of rye grass pollen demonstrating high IgE reactivity. FEBS Lett. 1999;462(3):435–41.
Sussman GL, Tarlo S, Dolovich J. The spectrum of IgE-mediated responses to latex. JAMA. 1991;265(21):2844–7.
Swanson MC, et al. Guinea-pig-derived allergens: Clinicoimmunologic studies, characterization, airborne quantitation, and size distribution. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1984;129(5):844–9.
Swoboda I, et al. Bet v 1 proteins, the major birch pollen allergens and members of a family of conserved pathogenesis-related proteins, show ribonuclease activity in vitro. Physiol Plant. 1996;96(3):433–8.
Tabar AI, et al. Diversity of asparagus allergy: clinical and immunological features. Clin Exp Allergy. 2004;34(1):131–6.
Tada Y, et al. Reduction of 14–16 kDa allergenic proteins in transgenic rice plants by antisense gene. FEBS Lett. 1996;391(3):341–5.
Takaku Y, et al. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis induced by Hypsizigus marumoreus. Nihon Kokyuki Gakkai Zasshi. 2009;47(10):881–9.
Tamborini E, et al. Recombinant allergen Lol p II: expression, purification and characterization. Mol Immunol. 1995;32(7):505–13.
Tan YW, et al. Structures of two major allergens, Bla g 4 and Per a 4, from cockroaches and their IgE binding epitopes. J Biol Chem. 2009;284(5):3148–57.
Tan JWL, et al. A randomized trial of egg introduction from 4 months of age in infants at risk for egg allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;139(5):1621-+.
Tanaka H, et al. Mushroom worker’s lung caused by spores of Hypsizigus marmoreus (Bunashimeji): elevated serum surfactant protein D levels. Chest. 2000;118(5):1506–9.
Tanaka H, et al. Workplace-related chronic cough on a mushroom farm. Chest. 2002;122(3):1080–5.
Targow A. The mulberry tree: a neglected factor in respiratory allergy in Southern California. Ann Allergy. 1971;29(6):318.
Tauer-Reich I, et al. Allergens causing bird fancier’s asthma. Allergy. 1994;49(6):448–53.
Teresa Duran M, et al. Cutaneous infection caused by Ulocladium chartarum in a heart transplant recipient: case report and review. Acta Derm Venereol. 2003;83(3)
Teuber SS, et al. Characterization of the soluble allergenic proteins of cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale L.). J Agric Food Chem. 2002;50(22):6543–9.
Thien F, et al. The Melbourne epidemic thunderstorm asthma event 2016: an investigation of environmental triggers, effect on health services, and patient risk factors. Lancet Planet Health. 2018;2(6):e255–63.
Thomas WR. Hierarchy and molecular properties of house dust mite allergens. Allergol Int. 2015;64(4):304–11.
Thulin H, et al. Reduction of exposure to laboratory animal allergens in a research laboratory. Ann Occup Hyg. 2002;46(1):61–8.
Togawa A, et al. Identification of italian cypress (Cupressus sempervirens) pollen allergen Cup s 3 using homology and cross-reactivity. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2006;97(3):336–42.
Torri P, et al. A study of airborne Ulmaceae pollen in Modena (northern Italy). J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 1997;16(2–3):227–30.
Tsai J-J, et al. Identification of the major allergenic components in Blomia tropicalis and the relevance of the specific IgE in asthmatic patients. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2003;91(5):485–9.
Tsai L, et al. Molecular cloning and characterization of full-length cDNAs encoding a novel high-molecular-weight Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus mite allergen, Der p 11. Allergy. 2005;60(7):927–37.
Tsushima K, Honda T, Kubo K. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by Lyophyllum aggregatum in two sisters. Nihon Kokyuki Gakkai Zasshi. 2000;38(8):599–604.
Tsushima K, et al. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis due to Bunashimeji mushrooms in the mushroom industry. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2005;137(3):241–8.
Tungtrongchitr A. Seasonal Levels of the Major American Cockroach Allergen Per a 9 (Arginine Kinase) in Bangkok. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2009;27(1):1.
Untersmayr E, et al. Mimotopes identify conformational epitopes on parvalbumin, the major fish allergen. Mol Immunol. 2006;43(9):1454–61.
Uotila R, et al. Cross-sensitization profiles of edible nuts in a birch-endemic area. Allergy. 2016;71(4):514–21.
Urisu A, et al. 16-kilodalton rice protein is one of the major allergens in rice grain extract and responsible for cross-allergenicity between cereal grains in the Poaceae family. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 1991;96(3):244–52.
Usui Y, et al. A 33-kDa allergen from rice (Oryza sativa L. Japonica) cDNA cloning, expression, and identification as a novel glyoxalase I. J Biol Chem. 2001;276(14):11376–81.
Valero Santiago A, et al. Hypersensitivity to wheat flour in bakers. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 1988;16(5):309–14.
Valero Santiago AL, et al. Occupational allergy caused by cow dander: detection and identification of the allergenic fractions. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 1997;25(6):259–65.
Vallier P, et al. Purification and characterization of an allergen from celery immunochemically related to an allergen present in several other plant species. Identification as a profilin. Clin Exp Allergy. 1992a;22(8):774–82.
Vallier P, et al. Purification and characterization of an allergen from celery immunochemically related to an allergen present in several other plant species. Identification as a profilin. Clin Exp Allergy. 1992b;22(8):774–82.
Van Do T, et al. Allergy to fish parvalbumins: studies on the cross-reactivity of allergens from 9 commonly consumed fish. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;116(6):1314–20.
van Oort E, et al. Immunochemical characterization of two Pichia pastoris-derived recombinant group 5 Dactylis glomerata isoallergens. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2001;126(3):196–205.
van Ree R. Carbohydrate epitopes and their relevance for the diagnosis and treatment of allergic diseases. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2002;129(3):189–97.
van Ree R, et al. Profilin is a cross-reactive allergen in pollen and vegetable foods. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 1992;98(2):97–104.
van Ree R, et al. Lol p XI, a new major grass pollen allergen, is a member of a family of soybean trypsin inhibitor-related proteins. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1995;95(5):970–8.
Vara A, et al. Fraxinus pollen and allergen concentrations in Ourense (South-western Europe). Environ Res. 2016;147:241–8.
Vargiu A, et al. Hypersensitivity reactions from inhalation of milk proteins. Allergy. 1994;49(5):386–7.
Varjonen E, et al. Skin-prick test and RAST responses to cereals in children with atopic dermatitis. Characterization of IgE-binding components in wheat and oats by an immunoblotting method. Clin Exp Allergy. 1995;25(11):1100–7.
Veien NK, et al. Causes of eczema in the food industry. Derm Beruf Umwelt. 1983;31(3):84–6.
Verma J, Gangal S. Studies on Fusarium solani: Cross-reactivity among Fusarium species. Allergy. 1994;49(5):330–6.
Verma AK, et al. A comprehensive review of legume allergy. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2013a;45(1):30–46.
Verma AK, et al. A comprehensive review of legume allergy. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2013b;45(1):30–46.
Viinanen A, Salokannel M, Lammintausta K. Gum arabic as a cause of occupational allergy. J Allergy (Cairo). 2011;2011:841508.
Villalba M, et al. Isolation of three allergenic fractions of the major allergen from Olea europea pollen and N-terminal amino acid sequence. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1990;172(2):523–8.
Virkud YV, Wang J, Shreffler WG. Enhancing the safety and efficacy of food allergy immunotherapy: a review of adjunctive therapies. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2018; 1–18.
Von Mutius E. Allergies, infections and the hygiene hypothesis–the epidemiological evidence. Immunobiology. 2007;212(6):433–9.
Vrbova M, et al. Dynamics of allergy development during the first 5 years of life. Eur J Pediatr. 2018; 1–9.
Vrtala S, et al. Molecular, immunological, and structural characterization of Phl p 6, a major allergen and P-particle-associated protein from Timothy grass (Phleum pratense) pollen. J Immunol. 1999;163(10):5489–96.
Wagner S, et al. Characterization of cross-reactive bell pepper allergens involved in the latex-fruit syndrome. Clin Exp Allergy. 2004;34(11):1739–46.
Wai CY, et al. Immunotherapy of food allergy: a comprehensive review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2017; 1–19.
Wakasa Y, et al. Oral immunotherapy with transgenic rice seed containing destructed J apanese cedar pollen allergens, C ry j 1 and C ry j 2, against J apanese cedar pollinosis. Plant Biotechnol J. 2013;11(1):66–76.
Wal J-M. Cow’s milk proteins/allergens. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2002;89(6):3–10.
Wallowitz M, et al. Jug r 4, a legumin group food allergen from walnut (Juglans regia Cv. Chandler). J Agric Food Chem. 2006;54(21):8369–75.
Wang Y, et al. Determinants of antigenicity and specificity in immune response for protein sequences. BMC Bioinform. 2011a;12(1):251.
Wang N, et al. Molecular characterization and expression analysis of a heat shock protein 90 gene from disk abalone (Haliotis discus). Mol Biol Rep. 2011b;38(5):3055–60.
Wangorsch A, et al. Identification of a Dau c PRPlike protein (Dau c 1.03) as a new allergenic isoform in carrots (cultivar Rodelika). Clin Exp Allergy. 2012;42(1):156–66.
Warner J, Longbottom J. Allergy to rabbits: III. Further identification and characterisation of rabbit allergens. Allergy. 1991;46(7):481–91.
Watanabe J, et al. IgE-reactive 60 kDa glycoprotein occurring in wheat flour. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2001;65(9):2102–5.
Webber CM, England RW. Oral allergy syndrome: a clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic challenge. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2010;104(2):101–8; quiz 109–10, 117
Weber R. American sycamore. Annal Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2004;92(3):A-6.
Weichel M, et al. Screening the allergenic repertoires of wheat and maize with sera from double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge positive patients. Allergy. 2006;61(1):128–35.
Westphal S, et al. Molecular characterization and allergenic activity of Lyc e 2 (beta-fructofuranosidase), a glycosylated allergen of tomato. Eur J Biochem. 2003;270(6):1327–37.
Westphal S, et al. Tomato profilin Lyc e 1: IgE cross-reactivity and allergenic potency. Allergy. 2004;59(5):526–32.
Wiche R, et al. Molecular basis of pollen-related food allergy: identification of a second cross-reactive IgE epitope on Pru av 1, the major cherry (Prunus avium) allergen. Biochem J. 2005;385(1):319–27.
Wieck S, et al. Fragrance allergens in household detergents. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2018;97:163–9.
Wiedermann U, et al. Intranasal treatment with a recombinant hypoallergenic derivative of the major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1 prevents allergic sensitization and airway inflammation in mice. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2001;126(1):68–77.
Wijnands L, Deisz W, Van Leusden F. Marker antigens to assess exposure to molds and their allergens. II Alternaria alternata. Allergy. 2000;55(9):856–64.
Wilson JM, Platts-Mills TAE. Meat allergy and allergens. Mol Immunol. 2018;100:107–12.
Wimander K, Belin L. Recognition of allergic alveolitis in the trimming department of a Swedish sawmill. Eur J Respir Dis Suppl. 1980;107:163–7.
Wood RA. Laboratory animal allergens. ILAR J. 2001;42(1):12–6.
Wopfner N, et al. The spectrum of allergens in ragweed and mugwort pollen. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2005;138(4):337–46.
Wopfner N, et al. Calcium-binding proteins and their role in allergic diseases. Immunol Allergy Clin. 2007;27(1):29–44.
Wopfner N, et al. Immunologic analysis of monoclonal and immunoglobulin E antibody epitopes on natural and recombinant Amb a 1. Clin Exp Allergy. 2008;38(1):219–26.
Wu C, Lee M, Tseng C. IgE-binding epitopes of the American cockroach Per a 3 allergen. Allergy. 2003;58(10):986–92.
Wunschmann S, et al. Cockroach allergen Bla g 2: an unusual aspartic proteinase. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;116(1):140–5.
Wurtzen PA, et al. Characterization of Chenopodiales (Amaranthus retroflexus, Chenopodium album, Kochia scoparia, Salsola pestifer) pollen allergens. Allergy. 1995;50(6):489–97.
Wuthrich B, Annen H. Pollionosis: I. Findings on the clinical aspects and the pollen spectrum in 1565 pollen-sensitive patients. Schweiz Med Wochenschr. 1979;109(33):1212–8.
Xu Q, et al. Identification and characterization of β-lathyrin, an abundant glycoprotein of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.), as a potential allergen. J Agric Food Chem. 2018;66:8496–503.
Yadzir ZH, et al. Identification of the major allergen of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (giant freshwater prawn). Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2012;2(1):50–4.
Yagami A, et al. Immediate allergy due to raw garlic (Allium sativum L.). J Dermatol. 2015;42(10):1026–7.
Yamada C, et al. Digestion and gastrointestinal absorption of the 14–16-kDa rice allergens. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2006;70(8):1890–7.
Yamashita H, et al. Identification of a wheat allergen, Tri a Bd 36K, as a peroxidase. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2002;66(11):2487–90.
Yanagi T, Shimizu H, Shimizu T. Occupational contact dermatitis caused by asparagus. Contact Dermatitis. 2010;63(1):54.
Yang L, et al. Generation of monoclonal antibodies against Blo t 3 using DNA immunization with in vivo electroporation. Clin Exp Allergy. 2003;33(5):663–8.
Yang H, et al. Cockroach allergen Per a 7 down-regulates expression of Toll-like receptor 9 and IL-12 release from P815 cells through PI3K and MAPK signaling pathways. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2012;29(3–4):561–70.
Yman L. Botanical relations and immunological cross-reactions in pollen allergy. Uppsala: Pharmacia Diagnostics; 1981.
Yu C-J, et al. Proteomics and immunological analysis of a novel shrimp allergen, Pen m 2. J Immunol. 2003;170(1):445–53.
Yubero-Serrano EM, et al. Identification of a strawberry gene encoding a non-specific lipid transfer protein that responds to ABA, wounding and cold stress. J Exp Bot. 2003;54(389):1865–77.
Zahradnik E, et al. Allergen Levels in the Hair of Different Cattle Breeds. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2015;167(1):9–15.
Zhang Y, et al. Environmental mycological study and allergic respiratory disease among tobacco processing workers. J Occup Health. 2005;47(2):181–7.
Zhu X, et al. T cell epitope mapping of ragweed pollen allergen Ambrosia artemisiifolia (Amb a 5) and Ambrosia trifida (Amb t 5) and the role of free sulfhydryl groups in T cell recognition. J Immunol. 1995;155(10):5064–73.
Zielińska-Jankiewicz K, et al. Microbiological contamination with moulds in work environment in libraries and archive storage facilities. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2008;15(1)
Zuidmeer L, et al. The role of profilin and lipid transfer protein in strawberry allergy in the Mediterranean area. Clin Exp Allergy. 2006;36(5):666–75.
Zuidmeer L, et al. The prevalence of plant food allergies: a systematic review. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;121(5):1210–1218 e4.
Zwollo P, et al. Sequencing of HLA-D in responders and nonresponders to short ragweed allergen, Amb a V. Immunogenetics. 1991;33(2):141–51.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Section Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Chang, C., Leung, P.S.C., Todi, S., Zadoorian, L. (2019). Definition of Allergens: Inhalants, Food, and Insects Allergens. In: Craig, T., Ledford, D. (eds) Allergy and Asthma. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58726-4_3-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58726-4_3-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-58726-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-58726-4
eBook Packages: Springer Reference MedicineReference Module Medicine