Synonyms
CES-D
Description
The Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D; Radloff 1977) is a 20-item self-report measure that assesses the presence and severity of depressive symptoms over the previous week. The CES-D has been used with adults and adolescents. Individuals completing the scale rate each item on a four-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (rarely or none of the time) to 3 (most or all of the time). Four items require reverse scoring. Administration time is approximately 5 min. Responses are summed to obtain a total score of 0–60, with higher scores indicating a greater frequency of symptoms. Scores of 16 or higher were suggested to identify subjects with depressive illness (Radloff 1977). Work by Pandya et al. (2005) supports the use of this cut-off in those with multiple sclerosis (MS). Earlier work by Zich et al. (1990) suggests that alternate cut-off scores may be more appropriate with medical populations.
Historical Background
In 1971, the National...
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Pandya, R., Metz, L., & Patten, S. B. (2005). Predictive value of the CES-D in detecting depression among candidates for disease-modifying multiple sclerosis treatment. Psychosomatics, 46, 131–134.
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Smits, N., Cuijpers, P., & van Straten, A. (2011). Applying computerized adaptive testing to the CES-D scale: A simulation study. Psychiatry Research, 188(1), 147–155.
Zich, J. M., Attkisson, C. C., & Greenfield, T. K. (1990). Screening for depression in primary care clinics: The CES-D and the BDI. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 20, 259–277.
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Brenner, L.A., Penzenik, M. (2018). Center for Epidemiological Studies: Depression. In: Kreutzer, J.S., DeLuca, J., Caplan, B. (eds) Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57111-9_1979
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57111-9_1979
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