Synonyms
Definition
Blood–oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) imaging is a technique used to generate images in functional MRI (fMRI) studies. The goal of this technique is to discern regional differences in cerebral blood flow in an effort to delineate more specific regional activity. This version of magnetic resonance imaging depends on the different magnetic properties of oxygenated versus deoxygenated hemoglobin and thus, indirectly, on variations in local tissue perfusion. The utility of BOLD imaging for functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) also depends on the physiological phenomenon by which metabolically active cerebral tissue “demands” more perfusion than less-active tissue. Thus, populations of neurons that are particularly active during a cognitive or motor task actually elicit a relative surplus of perfusion, which, in turn, results in an increase in the ratio of oxygenated to deoxygenated hemoglobin, detectable as a change in the BOLD signal.
Historical Background
As...
References and Readings
Barkhof, F., Haller, S., & Rombouts, S. A. (2014). Resting-state functional MR imaging: A new window to the brain. Radiology, 272(1), 29–49.
Hillman, E. M. (2014). Coupling mechanism and significance of the BOLD signal: A status report. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 37, 161–181.
Kida, I., & Hyder, F. (2006). Physiology of functional magnetic resonance imaging: Energetics and function. Methods in Molecular Medicine, 124, 175–195.
Kim, S. G., & Ogawa, S. (2012). Biophysical and physiological origins of blood oxygenation level-dependent fMRI signals. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, 32(7), 188–1206.
Lee, M. H., Smyser, C. D., & Shimony, J. S. (2013). Resting-state fMRI: A review of methods and clinical applications. AJNR. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 34(10), 1866–1872.
Mark, C. I., Mazerolle, E. L., & Chen, J. J. (2015). Metabolic and vascular origins of the BOLD effect: Implications for imaging pathology and resting-state brain function. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 42(2), 231–246.
Veldsman, M., Cumming, T., & Brodtmann, A. (2015). Beyond BOLD: Optimizing functional imaging in stroke populations. Human Brain Mapping, 36(4), 1620–1636.
Yablonskiy, D. A., Sukstanskii, A. L., & He, X. (2013). Blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD)-based techniques for the quantification of brain hemodynamic and metabolic properties – Theoretical models and experimental approaches. NMR in Biomedicine, 26(8), 963–986.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Weintraub, A., Whyte, J. (2016). Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD). In: Kreutzer, J., DeLuca, J., Caplan, B. (eds) Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56782-2_10-3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56782-2_10-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-56782-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-56782-2
eBook Packages: Springer Reference Behavioral Science and PsychologyReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Business, Economics and Social Sciences