Skip to main content

Equality of Opportunity: Pro et Contra

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Handbook of Equality of Opportunity
  • 4 Accesses

Abstract

Equality of opportunity has been one of the most important social ideals associated with contemporary societies. In fact, no single idea has arguably had a more profound impact on the overall fairness of the distribution of advantaged social positions or the attainment of a particular social good in spheres of life as diverse as education, employment, health care, housing, etc. At the same time, its promise of fairness and the progressive idealism emanating from it have fueled some of the major social movements and institutional reforms related to antidiscrimination, desegregation, gender equality, equity, and inclusion. Nevertheless, equality of opportunity is far from straightforward or uncontroversial. To complicate things further, several of its most well-known conceptions advocate a plethora of diversified or even conflicting commitments. Both advocates and critics alike therefore face an unlikely challenge of how to make sense of this important social ideal. This chapter outlines some of the most distinctive contemporary tensions, problems, and challenges (as well as other complications) equality of opportunity has been associated with.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Appiah KA (2018) The myth of meritocracy: who really gets what they deserve?. The Guardian, July 10, 2023. https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/oct/19/the-myth-of-meritocracy-who-really-gets-what-they-deserve

  • Arneson R (2015) Equality of opportunity. In: Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2023/entries/equal-opportunity/

  • Arneson R (2018) Four conceptions of equal opportunity. Econ J 128(612):152–173

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blaufarb R (2002) The French army, 1750–1820: careers, talent, merit. Manchester University Press, Manchester

    Google Scholar 

  • Brighouse H (2010) Educational equality and school reform. In: Haydon G (ed) Educational equality. Continuum, London, pp 5–70

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown W (2015) Undoing the demos: neoliberalism’s stealth revolution. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Bufacchi V (2007) Violence and social justice. Palgrave/Macmillan, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Bufacchi V (2009) Introduction: rethinking violence. Global Crime 10(4):293–297

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cavanagh M (2002) Against equality of opportunity. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Chetty R (2021) Improving equality of opportunity: new insights from big data. Contemp Econ Policy 39(1):7–41

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen GA (1989) On the currency of egalitarian justice. Ethics 99(4):906–944

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coleman JS, Campbell EQ, Hobson CJ, McPartland J, Mood AM, Weinfeld FD, York RL (1966) Equality of educational opportunity. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Daniels N (1985) Just health care. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • de los Santos Menéndez F (2021) Naturally and socially caused inequalities: is the distinction relevant for assessments of justice? Res Publica 27(1):95–109

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elford G (2023) Equality of opportunity. In: Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/equal-opportunity/

  • Ferreira FHG, Peragine V (2015) Equality of opportunity: theory and evidence. Policy research working paper [no. 7217]. World Bank Group, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Fishkin J (1983) Justice, equal opportunity, and the family. Yale University Press, New Haven

    Google Scholar 

  • Fishkin J (2014) Bottlenecks: a new theory of equal opportunity. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Frankel C (1971) Equality of opportunity. Ethics 81(3):191–211

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fraser N, Brenner J (2017) What is progressive neoliberalism?: a debate. Dissent 64(2):130–140

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gallie WB (1955) Essentially contested concepts. Proc Aristot Soc 56:167–198

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galston WA (1997 [1980]). A liberal defense of equality of opportunity. In: Pojman LP, Westmoreland R (eds) Equality: selected readings. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 170–179

    Google Scholar 

  • Green SJD (1989) Emile Durkheim on human talents and two traditions of social justice. Br J Sociol 40(1):97–117

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harel Ben Shahar T (2023) Redefining ability, saving educational meritocracy. J Ethics:1–21

    Google Scholar 

  • Hart HLA (2008) Punishment and responsibility: essays in the philosophy of law, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hauhart RC (2015) American sociology’s investigations of the American dream: retrospect and prospect. Am Sociol 46(1):65–98

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hauhart R, Sardoč M (eds) (2021) The Routledge handbook on the American dream, vol 1. Routledge, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Hauhart R, Sardoč M (eds) (2022) The Routledge handbook on the American dream, vol 2. Routledge, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Hochschild JL (1995) Facing up to the American dream. Princeton University Press, Princeton

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs LA (2004) Pursuing equal opportunities: the theory and practice of egalitarian justice. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Jencks C (1988) Whom must we treat equally for educational opportunity to be equal? Ethics 98(3):518–533

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jusot F, Tubeuf S (2019) Equality of opportunity in health and healthcare. In: Oxford research encyclopedia of economics and finance. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Lang G (2021) Strokes of luck: a study in moral and political philosophy. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Lemann N (2019) Transaction man: the rise of the deal and the decline of the American dream. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lippert-Rasmussen K (2016) Luck Egalitarianism. Bloomsbury Academic, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Lippert-Rasmussen K (2020) Making sense of affirmative action. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Markovits D (2019) The meritocracy trap: how America’s foundational myth feeds inequality, dismantles the middle class, and devours the elite. Penguin, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Mason A (2006) Levelling the playing field. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Mason A, Bellamy R (eds) (2003) Political concepts. Manchester University Press, Manchester

    Google Scholar 

  • Miles R, Brown M (1989) Racism. Routledge, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Nathanson S (2010) Terrorism and the ethics of war. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Putnam R (2015) Our kids: the American dream in crisis. Simon & Schuster, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Raschke C (2019) Neoliberalism and political theology. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Rawls J (2001) Justice as fairness: a restatement. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Reeves RV (2014) Saving Horatio Alger: equality, opportunity and the American dream. Brookings Institution Press, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  • Robb CM (2021) Talent dispositionalism. Synthese 198(9):8085–8102

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sandel M (2020) The tyranny of merit: what’s become of the common good. Penguin, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Sardoč M (2016) Equality of opportunity, cultural diversity and claims for fairness. CEPS J 6(2):25–41

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sardoč M (ed) (2021) The Palgrave handbook of toleration. Palgrave, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Sardoč M (ed) (2022a) Making sense of radicalization and violent extremism: interviews and conversations. Routledge, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Sardoč M (2022b) The rebranding of neoliberalism. Educ Philos Theory 54(11):1727–1731

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sardoč M, Deželan T (2021) Talents and distributive justice: some tensions. Educ Philos Theory 53(8):768–776

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sardoč M, Prebilič V (2022a) Equality, opportunity and the American dream. In: Hauhart R, Sardoč M (eds) The Routledge handbook on the American dream, vol 2. Routledge, London, pp 121–133

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Sardoč M, Prebilič V (2022b) Governing by slogans. Policy Futures Educ 21(7):765–775. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/14782103221136186

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sartori G (1970) Concept Misformation in comparative politics. Am Polit Sci Rev 64(4):1033–1053

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scanlon TM (2018) Why does inequality matter? Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaar HJ (1997 [1967]) Equality of opportunity, and beyond. In: Pennock JR, Chapman JW (eds) Equality. Atherton Books, New York, pp 228–250

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneiderman H (2012) James Truslow Adams and the American dream. In: Adams JT (2012 [1931]) The epic of America. Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick, pp ix–xviii

    Google Scholar 

  • Segall S (2013) Equality and opportunity. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Segall S (2016) Why inequality matters: luck egalitarianism, its meaning and value. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Stahl RM (2019) Ruling the interregnum: politics and ideology in nonhegemonic times. Polit Soc 47(3):333–360

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Truslow Adams J (2012 [1931]) The epic of America. Transaction Publishers, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Wooldridge A (2021) The aristocracy of talent: how meritocracy made the modern world. Penguin, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Zapata Barrero R, Jacobs D, Kastoryano R (eds) (2022) Contested concepts in migration studies. Routledge, London

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mitja Sardoč .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2024 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Sardoč, M. (2024). Equality of Opportunity: Pro et Contra. In: Sardoč, M. (eds) Handbook of Equality of Opportunity. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52269-2_72-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52269-2_72-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-52269-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-52269-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference EducationReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Education

Publish with us

Policies and ethics