Skip to main content

Ethics and Human Remains

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology

… due dignity and respect should be afforded in the recovery, storage, investigation and reburial of human remains regardless of their context. (Hunter et al. 2001: 176)

Ethics is a branch of philosophy concerned with the evaluation of the principles and standards of human conduct that govern the behavior of individuals and groups (Bottorff 2005). Most professions adhere to an agreed code of conduct, commonly referred to as a “code of ethics,” with the intention being that all practitioners should undertake “best practice.” In reality, however, definitions of “best practice” vary because different cultures, societies, and groups have diverse value systems, namely, their own definitions of what is considered right (appropriate) and wrong (Walker 2000: 20; White 2000: 319). Because of the emotive nature of death, the treatment of human remains is often contentious and poses many ethical dilemmas.

Locating and Recovering Human Remains: Digging Up the Dead

While human remains may be...

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Adams, P. 2000. Death and contemporary popular culture. In Death and dying in Australia, ed. A. Kellehear, 105–115. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Afrasiabi, P.R. 1997. Property rights in ancient human skeletal remains. Southern California Law Review 70: 805–840.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon. 1997. Prince of Wales Hospital Randwick Destitute Children’s Asylum Cemetery Excavation Project, 1995–1996. Final report; volume 3 Physical Anthropology (Call No.: MLMSS 6684/10).

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon. 2007. Remains of Roman teenager buried. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/london/6563909.stm. Accessed 25 Apr 2007.

  • Baudrillard, J. 1993. Symbolic exchange and death. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bahn, P. 1984. Do not disturb? Archaeology and the rights of the dead. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 3 (2): 127–139.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beloff, H. 2003. Medical ethics in professional conduct. International Journal of Human Rights 7 (1): 9–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blaauw, M., and V. Lahteenmaki. 2002. ‘Denial and silence’ or acknowledgement and disclosure. International Review of the Red Cross 84: 767–783.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blau, S. 2015. Working as a forensic archaeologist and/or anthropologist in post-conflict contexts: A consideration of professional responsibilities to the missing, the dead and their relatives. In Ethics, archaeology and violence, ed. A. González-Ruibal and G. Moshenska, 215–228. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blau, S. 2016. More than just bare bones: Ethical considerations for forensic anthropologists. In Handbook of forensic anthropology and archaeology, ed. S. Blau and D.H. Ubelaker, 2nd ed., 593–606. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bottorff, D.L. 2005. What is Ethics? http://www.ethicsquality.com/about.htlm. Accessed 12 Feb 2002.

  • Budimlija, Z.M., M.K. Prinz, A. Zelson-Mundorff, J. Wiersema, E. Bartelink, G. MacKinnon, B.L. Nazzaruolo, S.M. Estacio, M.J. Hennessey, and R.C. Shaler. 2003. World trade center human identification project: Experiences with individual body identification cases. Croatian Medical Journal 44 (3): 259–263.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burns, K.R. 1998. Forensic anthropology and human rights issues. In Forensic osteology: Advances in the identification of human remains, ed. K. Reichs, 63–85. Springfield: Charles C. Thomas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cantwell, A. 2000. “Who knows the power of his bones”: Reburial redux. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 925: 79–119.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, M. 2011. Bodies under Queen Vic haunt market revamp. The Age March 11. http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/bodies-under-queen-vic-haunt-market-revamp-20110311-1bqsp.html. Accessed 27 Sep 2011.

  • Donlon, D. 1994. Aboriginal skeletal collections and research in physical anthropology: An historical perspective. Australian Archaeology 39: 73–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fondebrider, L. 2002. Reflections on the scientific documentation of human rights violations. International Review of the Red Cross 84 (848): 885–891.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frekelton, I. 1988. Identification and the law. In Craniofacial identification in forensic medicine, ed. J.G. Clement and D.L. Ranson, 257–265. London: Arnold.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffis, L. 2001. Investigating bones: The work of the C.A. pound human identification laboratory. CLASnotes 15(3). http://clasnews.clas.ufl.edu/news/clasnotes/0103/pound/html. Accessed 07 Feb 2006.

  • Hubert, J. 1992. Dry bones or living ancestors? Conflicting perceptions of life, death and the universe. International Journal of Cultural Property 1 (1): 105–127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, D.R., and J. Albanese. 2005. History and demographic composition of the Robert J. Terry anatomical collection. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 127 (4): 406–417.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hunter, J.R., M.B. Brickley, J. Bourgeois, W. Bouts, L. Bourguignon, F. Hubrechts, J. de Wine, H. van Haaster, T. Hakbijl, H. de Jong, L. Smits, L.H. van Wijngaarden, and M. Luschen. 2001. Forensic archaeology, forensic anthropology and human rights in Europe. Science and Justice 41 (3): 173–178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hunter, J., and M. Cox. 2005. Social and intellectual frameworks. In Forensic archaeology: Advances in theory and practice, ed. J. Hunter and M. Cox, 204–225. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, D.G., and J.R. Harris. 1998. Archaeological human remains: Scientific, cultural and ethical considerations. Current Anthropology 39 (2): 253–264.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kadhim, A. 2006. Painful archaeology: Excavating Saddam’s mass graves. Strategic Insights 5(3). http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/si/2006/Mar/kadhimMar06.pdf. Accessed 10 June 2006.

  • Loff, B., and J. Black. 2004. Research ethics committees: What is their contribution? Medical Journal of Australia 181 (8): 440–441.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacDonald, H. 2005. Human remains: Episodes in human dissection. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marks, M.K., J.W. Hudson, and S.K. Elkins. 1999. Craniofacial fractures: Collaboration spells success. In Broken bones: Anthropological analysis of blunt force trauma, ed. A. Galloway, 258–286. Springfield: Charles C. Thomas.

    Google Scholar 

  • McEvoy, K., and H. Conway. 2004. The dead, the law, and the politics of the past. Journal of Law and Society 31 (4): 539–562.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meskell, L., and P. Pels. 2005. Introduction: Embedding ethics. In Embedding ethics, ed. L. Meskell and P. Pels, 1–26. Oxford: Berg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Molleson, T.I. and Cox, M.J. 1993. The spitalfields project vol 2. The anthropology – The middling sort. Research report 86. York: Council for British Archaeology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pardoe, C. 1992. Arches of radii, corridors of power: Reflections on current archaeological practice. In Power, knowledge and aborigines, ed. B. Attwood and J. Arnold, 132–141. Melbourne: La Trobe University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prior, L. 1989. The social organisation of death: Medical discourse and social practice in Belfast. London: Macmillan Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, R. 1987. Death, dissection and the destitute. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rose, J.C., T.J. Green, and V.D. Green. 1996. NAGRPA is forever: Osteology and the repatriation of skeletons. Annual Review of Anthropology 25: 81–103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sayer, D. 2010. Ethics and burial archaeology. London: Duckworth Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaefer, M.C., and S.M. Black. 2005. Comparison of ages of epiphyseal union in North American and Bosnian skeletal material. Journal of Forensic Sciences 50 (4): 777–784.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skinner, M., and J. Sterenberg. 2005. Turf wars: Authority and responsibility for the investigation of mass graves. Forensic Science International 151: 221–232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, T. 2003. The quality and appropriateness of forensic anthropological education in the UK. Public Archaeology 3: 88–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ubelaker, D.H., and L.G. Grant. 1989. Human skeletal remains: Preservation or reburial? American Journal of Physical Anthropology 32: 249–287.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, P.L. 2000. Bioarchaeological ethics: A historical perspective on the value of human remains. In Biological anthropology of the human skeleton, ed. M.A. Katzenberg and S.R. Saunder, 3–39. New York: Wiley-Liss.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webb, S. 1987. Reburying Australian skeletons. Antiquity 61: 292–296.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, E. 2008. Reburying the past: The effects of repatriation and reburial on scientific inquiry. New York: Nova Science Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, T. 2000. Human osteology. 2nd ed. New York: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vizenor, G. 1996. Bone courts: The rights and narrative representation of tribal bones. In Contemporary archaeology in theory: A reader, ed. R.W. Preucel and I. Hodder, 652–663. Cambridge: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Soren Blau .

Section Editor information

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Blau, S. (2018). Ethics and Human Remains. In: Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51726-1_160-2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51726-1_160-2

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-51726-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-51726-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference HistoryReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Humanities

Publish with us

Policies and ethics