Abstract
To resolve the issues related to energy production and environmental pollution, petroleum-based fuels must be replaced with sustainable and renewable energy sources. Unutilized biomass and waste materials produced during energy production can be effectively utilized to synthesize carbon materials for energy storage/conversion devices, such as batteries, supercapacitors, solar cells, and fuel cells. This approach will further resolve the difficulties related to safe recycling of waste ingredients and also the consumption of fossil fuels. Combustion of waste materials or fossil fuels however creates anxieties related to environment protection.
Supercapacitors are the most demanding among smart electronics as they possess high energy and high power density compared to batteries and fuel cells. In this chapter, a thorough discussion over synthesis and supercapacitive characteristics of carbon-based electrode materials derived from biomass/waste materials, such as human hair, waste coffee grounds, ginkgo shell, sugarcane bagasse, wood, banana, peel, fallen leaf, biological waste-stiff silkworm, leather waste, tea leaves, stiff silkworm, and waste paper, are presented. Carbon-based materials are considered as ideal electrode materials for supercapacitors as they usually have high surface area and good electrical conductivity, which provide low resistivity and short ion diffusion channel during electrochemical processing. The usages of biowaste in energy storage devices provide both recycling of waste as well as ecofriendly materials for energy storage.
References
Christen T, Carlen MW (2000) Theory of Ragone plots. J Power Sources 91:210–216
Pasquier AD, Plitz I, Menocal S, Amatucci G (2003) A comparative study of Li-ion battery, supercapacitor and nonaqueous asymmetric hybrid devices for automotive applications. J Power Sources 115:171–178
Meng C, Gall OZ, Irazoqui PP (2013) A flexible super-capacitive solid-state power supply for miniature implantable medical devices. Biomed Microdevices 15:973–983
Hu B, Wang K, Wu L, Yu SH, Antonietti M, Titirici MM (2010) Engineering carbon materials from the hydrothermal carbonization process of biomass. Adv Mater 22:813–828
Conway BE Electrochemistry Encyclopedia. http://electrochem.cwru.edu/ed/encycl/art-c03-elchem-cap.htm
Helmholtz H (1853) Ueber einige Gesetze der Vertheilung elektrischer Ströme in körperlichen Leitern mit Anwendung auf die thierisch-elektrischen Versuche. Ann Phys Chem 165(6):211–233. https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.18531650603
Gouy M (1910) Sur la constitution de la charge électrique à la surface d’un électrolyte. J Phys Theor Appl 9(1):457–468
Chapman DL (1913) LI. A contribution to the theory of electrocapillarity. Philos Mag Ser 25(148):475–481
Endo M, Takeda T, Kim YJ, Koshiba K, Ishii K (2001) High power electric double layer capacitor (EDLC’s); from operating principle to pore size control in advanced activated carbons. Carbon Sci 1:117–128
Boos DL, Argade SD (1991) “Historical back-ground and new perspectives for double-layer capacitors”, Presented at the international seminar on double layer capacitors and similar energy storage devices. Florida Educational Seminars, Dec 9–11
Simon P, Gogotsi Y (2013) Capacitive energy storage in nanostructured carbon electrolyte systems. Acc Chem Res 46:1094–1103
Conway BE, Birss V, Wojtowicz J (1997) The role and utilization of pseudocapacitance for energy storage by supercapacitors. J Power Sources 66:1–14
Wang Y, Song Y, Xia Y (2016) Electrochemical capacitors: mechanism, materials, systems, characterization and applications. Chem Soc Rev 45:5925–5950
Hu CC, Chen WC (2004) Effects of substrates on the capacitive performance of RuOx•nH2O and activated carbon–RuOx electrodes for supercapacitors. Electrochim Acta 49:3469–3477
Yu Z, Duong B, Abbitt D, Thomas J (2013) Highly ordered MnO2 nanopillars for enhanced supercapacitor performance. Adv Mater 25:3302–3306
Vijayakumar S, Nagamuthu S, Muralidharan G (2013) Supercapacitor studies on NiO nanoflakes synthesized through a microwave route. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 5(6):2188–2196
Wei W, Cui X, Chena W, Ivey DG (2011) Manganese oxide-based materials as electrochemical supercapacitor electrodes. Chem Soc Rev 40:1697–1721
Toupin M, Brousse T, Belanger D (2004) Charge storage mechanism of MnO2 electrode used in aqueous electrochemical capacitor. Chem Mater 16:3184–3190
Ahuja P, Sharma RK, Singh G (2015) Solid-state, high-performance supercapacitor using graphene nanoribbons embedded with zinc manganite. J Mater Chem A 3:4931–4937
Lalwani S, Sahu V, Marichi RB, Singh G, Sharma RK (2017) In situ immobilized, magnetite nanoplatelets over holey grapheme nanoribbons for high performance solid state supercapacitor. Electrochim Acta 224:517–526
Zhang LL, Zhao XS (2009) Carbon-based materials as supercapacitor electrodes. Chem Soc Rev 38:2520–2531
Sahu V, Goel S, Sharma RK, Singh G (2015) Zinc oxide nanoring embedded lacey graphene nanoribbons in symmetric/asymmetric electrochemical capacitive energy storage. Nanoscale 7:20642–20651
Yang X, Wu D, Chen X, Fu R (2010) Nitrogen-enriched nanocarbons with a 3-D continuous mesopore structure from polyacrylonitrile for supercapacitor application. J Phys Chem C 114:8581–8586
Zhao Y (2015) Oxygen-rich hierarchical porous carbon derived from artemia cyst shells with superior electrochemical performance. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 7:1132–1139
Zhang D, Zheng L, Ma Y, Lei L, Li Q, Li Y, Luo H, Feng H, Hao Y (2014) Synthesis of nitrogen and sulfur-codoped 3D cubic-ordered mesoporous carbon with superior performance in supercapacitors. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 6:2657–2665
Hao E, Liu W, Liu S, Zhang Y, Wang H, Chen S, Cheng F, Zhao S, Yang H (2017) Rich sulfur doped porous carbon materials derived from ginkgo leaves for multiple electrochemical energy storage devices. J Mater Chem A 5:2204–2214
Bergius F (1915) Zeitschrift fur Komprimierte und Flussige Gase. 17
Xiao Y, Chen H, Zheng M, Dong H, Lei B, Liu Y (2014) Porous carbon with ultra high specific surface area derived from biomass rice hull. Mater Lett 116:185–187
Jishaa MR, Hwanga YJ, Shinc JS, Nahmb KS, Kumar TP, Karthikeyand K, Dhanikaivelud N, Kalpana D, Renganathand NG, Stephand AM (2008) Electrochemical characterization of supercapacitors based on carbons derived from coffee shells. 213th ECS meeting, Abstract #1169, © The Electrochemical Society
Hokkirigawa K, Okabe T, Saito K (1996) Friction properties of new porous carbon materials: wood ceramics. J Porous Mater 2:237–243
Luo W, Wang B, Heron CG, Allen MJ, Morre J, Maier CS, Stickle WF, Ji X (2014) Pyrolysis of cellulose under ammonia leads to nitrogen-doped nanoporous carbon generated through methane formation. Nano Lett 14:2225–2229
Wu FC, Tseng RL, Hu CC, Wang CC (2004) Physical and electrochemical characterization of activated carbons prepared from fir woods for supercapacitors. J Power Sources 138:351–359
Mak SM, Tey BT, Cheah KY, Siewb WL, Tan KK (2009) The effect of mechanical grinding on the mesoporosity of steam-activated palm kernel shell activated carbons. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 84:1405–1411
Zhanga T, Walawendera WP, Fana LT, Fanb M, Daugaardb D, Brownb RC (2004) Preparation of activated carbon from forest and agricultural residues through CO2 activation. Chem Eng J 105:53–59
Wang J, Kaskel S (2012) KOH activation of carbon-based materials for energy storage. J Mater Chem 22:23710–23725
Wang H, Gao Q, Hu J (2009) High hydrogen storage capacity of porous carbons prepared by using activated carbon. J Am Chem Soc 131:7016–7022
Lozano-Castello D, Calo JM, Cazorla-Amoros D, Linares-Solano A (2007) Carbon activation with KOH as explored by temperature programmed techniques and the effects of hydrogen. Carbon 45:2529–2536
Sahu V, Shekhar S, Sharma RK, Singh G (2015) Ultrahigh performance supercapacitor from lacey reduced graphene oxide nanoribbons. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 7:3110–3116
Suhas P, Carrott JM, Carrott MMLR (2007) Lignin – from natural adsorbent to activated carbon: a review. Bioresour Technol 98:2301–2312
Nor NM, Chung LL, Teong LK, Mohamed AR (2013) Synthesis of activated carbon from lignocellulosic biomass and its applications in air pollution control – a review. J Environ Chem Eng 1:658–666
Raymundo-Pinero E, Cadek M, Beguin F (2009) Tuning carbon materials for supercapacitors by direct pyrolysis of seaweeds. Adv Funct Mater 19:1032–1039
Li J, Wu Q (2015) Water bamboo-derived porous carbons as electrode materials for supercapacitors. New J Chem 39:3859–3864
Subramanian V, Luo C, Stephan AM, Nahm KS, Thomas S, Wei B (2007) Supercapacitors from activated carbon derived from banana fibers. J Phys Chem C 111:7527–7531
Balathanigaimani MS, Shim WG, Lee MJ, Kim C, Lee JW, Moon H (2008) Highly porous electrodes from novel corn grains-based activated carbons for electrical double layer capacitors. Electrochem Commun 10:868–871
Rufford TE, Hulicova-Jurcakova D, Zhu Z, Lu GQ (2008) Nanoporous carbon electrode from waste coffee beans for high performance supercapacitors. Electrochem Commun 10:1594–1597
Jishaa MR, Hwanga YJ, Shinc JS, Nahmb KS, Kumar TP, Karthikeyand K, Dhanikaivelud N, Kalpana D, Renganathand NG, Stephand AM (2009) Electrochemical characterization of supercapacitors based on carbons derived from coffee shells. Mater Chem Phys 115:33–39
Kalpanaa D, Chob SH, Leeb SB, Leeb YS, Misrac R, Renganathand NG (2009) Recycled waste paper – a new source of raw material for electric double-layer capacitors. J Power Sources 190:587–591
Olivares-Marína M, Fernández JA, Lázaroc MJ, Fernández-González C, Macías-García A, Gómez-Serranoa V, Stoeckli F, Centeno TA (2009) Cherry stones as precursor of activated carbons for supercapacitors. Mater Chem Phys 114:323–327
Zhao S, Wang CY, Chen MM, Wang J, Shi ZQ (2009) Potato starch-based activated carbon spheres as electrode material for electrochemical capacitor. J Phys Chem Solids 70:1256–1260
Ismanto AE, Wang S, Soetaredjo FE, Ismadji S (2010) Preparation of capacitor’s electrode from cassava peel waste. Bioresour Technol 101:3534–3540
Adinaveen T, Kennedy LJ, Vijaya JJ, Sekaran G (2013) Studies on structural, morphological, electrical and electrochemical properties of activated carbon prepared from sugarcane bagasse. J Ind Eng Chem 19:1470–1476
Rufford TE, Hulicova-Jurcakova D, Khosla K, Zhu Z, Lu GQ (2010) Microstructure and electrochemical double-layer capacitance of carbon electrodes prepared by zinc chloride activation of sugar cane bagasse. J Power Sources 195:912–918
Hao P, Zhao Z, Tian J, Li H, Sang Y, Yu G, Cai H, Liu H, Wong CP, Umar A (2014) Hierarchical porous carbon aerogel derived from bagasse for high performance supercapacitor electrode. Nano 6:12120–12129
Taer E, Deraman M, Talib IA, Umar AA, Oyama M, Yunus RM (2010) Physical, electrochemical and supercapacitive properties of activated carbon pellets from pre-carbonized rubber wood sawdust by CO2 activation. Curr Appl Phys 10:1071–1075
Li X, Han C, Chen X, Shi C (2010) Preparation and performance of straw based activated carbon for supercapacitor in non-aqueous electrolytes. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 131:303–309
Li X, Xing W, Zhuo S, Zhou J, Li F, Qiao SZ, Lu GQ (2011) Preparation of capacitor’s electrode from sunflower seed shell. Bioresour Technol 102:1118–1123
Zhu H, Wang X, Yang F, Yang X (2011) Promising carbons for supercapacitor derived from fungi. Adv Mater 23:2745–2748
Jiang L, Sheng L, Chen X, Wei T, Fan Z (2016) Construction of nitrogen-doped porous carbon buildings using interconnected ultra-small carbon nanosheets for ultra-high rate supercapacitors. J Mater Chem A 4:11388–11396
Li Z, Zhang L, Amirkhiz BS, Tan X, Xu Z, Wang H, Olsen BC, Holt CMB, Mitlin D (2012) Carbonized chicken eggshell membranes with 3D architectures as high performance electrode materials for supercapacitors. Adv Energy Mater 2:431–437
Biswal M, Banerjee A, Deo M, Ogal S (2013) From dead leaves to high energy density supercapacitors. Energy Environ Sci 6:1249–1259
Wang R, Wang P, Yan X, Lang J, Peng C, Xue Q (2012) Promising porous carbon derived from celtuce leaves with outstanding supercapacitance and CO2 capture performance. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 4:5800–5806
Mi J, Wang XR, Fan RJ, Qu WH, Li WC (2012) Coconut-shell-based porous carbons with a tunable micro/mesopore ratio for high-performance supercapacitors. Energy Fuel 26:5321–5329
Sun L, Tian C, Li M, Meng X, Wang L, Wang R, Yin J, Fu H (2013) From coconut shell to porous graphene-like nanosheets for high-power supercapacitors. J Mater Chem A 1:6462–6470
Chen M, Kang X, Wumaier T, Dou J, Gao B, Han Y, Xu G, Liu Z, Zhang L (2013) Preparation of activated carbon from cotton stalk and its application in supercapacitor. J Solid State Electrochem 17:1005–1012
Jiang L, Yan J, Hao L, Xue R, Sun G, Yi B (2013) High rate performance activated carbons prepared from ginkgo shells for electrochemical supercapacitors. Carbon 56:146–154
Wang H, Xu Z, Kohandehghan A, Li Z, Cui K, Tan X, Stephenson TJ, King’ondu CK, Holt CMB, Olsen BC, Tak JK, Harfield D, Anyia AO, Mitlin D (2013) Interconnected carbon nanosheets derived from hemp for ultrafast supercapacitors with high energy. ACS Nano 7:5131–5141
Li Y, Liu X (2014) Activated carbon/ZnO composites prepared using hydrochars as intermediate and their electrochemical performance in supercapacitor. Mater Chem Phys 148:380–386
Peng C, Yan X, Wang RT, Lang JW, Ou YJ, Xue QJ (2013) Promising activated carbons derived from waste tea-leaves and their application in high performance supercapacitors electrodes. Electrochim Acta 87:401–408
Liang Q, Ye L, Huang ZH, Xu Q, Bai Y, Kang F, Yang QH (2014) A honeycomb-like porous carbon derived from pomelo peel for use in high-performance supercapacitors. Nano 6:13831–13837
Zhi M, Yang F, Meng F, Li M, Manivannan A, Wu N (2014) Effects of pore structure on performance of an activated-carbon supercapacitor electrode recycled from scrap waste tires. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2:1592–1598
Qian W, Sun F, Xu Y, Qiu L, Liu C, Wang S, Yan F (2014) Human hair-derived carbon flakes for electrochemical supercapacitors. Energy. Environ Sci 7:379–386
Hegde G, Manaf SAA, Kumar A, Ali GAM, Chong KF, Ngaini Z, Sharma KV (2015) Biowaste sago bark based catalyst free carbon nanospheres: waste to wealth approach. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 3:2247–2253
Chang J, Gao Z, Wang X, Wu D, Xu F, Wang X, Guo Y, Jiang K (2015) Activated porous carbon prepared from paulownia flower for high performance supercapacitor electrodes. Electrochim Acta 157:290–298
Long C, Jiang L, Wu X, Jiang Y, Yang D, Wang C, Wei T, Fan Z (2015) Facile synthesis of functionalized porous carbon with three-dimensional interconnected pore structure for high volumetric performance supercapacitors. Carbon 93:412–420
Wang K, Zhao N, Lei S, Yan R, Tian X, Wang J, Song Y, Xu D, Guo Q, Liu L (2015) Promising biomass-based activated carbons derived from willow catkins for high performance supercapacitors. Electrochim Acta 166:1–11
Cheng P, Gao S, Zang P, Yang X, Bai Y, Xu H, Liu Z, Lei Z (2015) Hierarchically porous carbon by activation of shiitake mushroom for capacitive energy storage. Carbon 93:315–324
Li YT, Pi YT, Lu LM, Xu SH, Ren TZ (2015) Hierarchical porous active carbon from fallen leaves by synergy of K2CO3 and their supercapacitor performance. J Power Sources 299:519–528
Yuan C, Zhou L, Zhu S, Cao H, Houz L (2015) Albumen-derived hierarchical porous N- and O-Enriched carbon towards high-performance electrochemical capacitors. J Electrochem Soc 162:781–786
Zhou L, Cao H, Zhu S, Hou L, Yuan C (2015) Hierarchical micro-/mesoporous N- and O-enriched carbon derived from disposable cashmere: a competitive cost-effective material for high-performance electrochemical capacitors. Green Chem 17:2373–2382
Wei T, Wei X, Gao Y, Li H (2015) Large scale production of biomass-derived nitrogen-doped porous carbon materials for supercapacitors. Electrochim Acta 169:186–194
Qu WH, Xu YY, Lu AH, Zhang XQ, Li WC (2015) Converting biowaste corncob residue into high value added porous carbon for supercapacitor electrodes. Bioresour Technol 189:285–291
Kang D, Liu Q, Gu J, Su Y, Zhang W, Zhang D (2015) “Egg-box”-assisted fabrication of porous carbon with small mesopores for high-rate electric double layer capacitors. ACS Nano 9:1125–11233
Teoa EYL, Muniandy L, Ng EP, Adamb F, Mohamedc AR, Josea R, Chonga KF (2016) High surface area activated carbon from rice husk as a high performance supercapacitor electrode. Electrochim Acta 192:110–119
He X, Ling P, Yu M, Wang X, Zhang X, Zheng M (2013) Rice husk-derived porous carbons with high capacitance by ZnCl2 activation for supercapacitors. Electrochim Acta 105:635–641
Chen C, Yu D, Zhao G, Du B, Tang W, Sun L, Sun Y, Besenbacher F, Yu M (2016) Three-dimensional scaffolding framework of porous carbon nanosheets derived from plant wastes for high-performance supercapacitors. Nano Energy 27:377–389
Gonga C, Wanga X, Mab D, Chena H, Zhanga S, Liaoa Z (2016) Microporous carbon from a biological waste-stiff silkworm for capacitive energy storage. Electrochim Acta 220:331–339
Konikkara N, Kennedy LJ, Vijaya JJ (2016) Preparation and characterization of hierarchical porous carbonsderived from solid leather waste for supercapacitor applications. J Hazard Mater 318:173–185
Wei X, Li Y, Gao S (2017) Biomass-derived interconnected carbon nanoring electrochemical capacitors with high performance in both strongly acidic and alkaline electrolytes. J Mater Chem A 5:181–188
Sahu V, Marichi RB, Singh G, Sharma RK (2017) Hierarchical polyaniline spikes over vegetable oil derived carbon aerogel for solid-state symmetric/asymmetric supercapacitor. Electrochim Acta 240:146–154
Boyjoo Y, Cheng Y, Zhong H, Tian H, Pan J, Pareek VK, Jiang SP, Lamonier JF, Jaroniec M, Liu J (2017) From waste Coca Cola to activated carbons with impressive capabilities for CO2 adsorption and supercapacitors. Carbon 116:490–499
Sahu V, Mishra M, Gupta G, Singh G, Sharma RK (2017) A turning hazardous diesel soot into high performance carbon/MnO2 supercapacitive energy storage material. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 5:450–459
Tian W, Gao Q, Qian W (2017) Interlinked porous carbon nanoflakes derived from hydrolyzate residue during cellulosic bioethanol production for ultrahigh-rate supercapacitors in nonaqueous electrolytes. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 5:1297–1305
Marichi RB, Sahu V, Lalwani S, Mishra M, Gupta G, Sharma RK, Singh G (2016) Nickel-shell assisted growth of nickel-cobalt hydroxide nanofibres and their symmetric/asymmetric supercapacitive characteristics. J Power Sources 325:762–771
Grover S, Goel S, Marichi RB, Sahu V, Singh G, Sharma RK (2016) Polyaniline all solid-state pseudocapacitor: role of morphological variations in performance evolution. Electrochim Acta 196:131–139
Largeot C, Portet C, Chmiola J, Taberna PL, Gogotsi Y, Simon P (2008) Relation between the ion size and pore size for an electric double-layer capacitor. J Am Chem Soc 130:2730–2731
Sing KSW, Everett DH, Haul RAW, Moscou L, Pierotti RA, Rouquerol J, Siemieniewska T (1985) Reporting physisorption data for gas/solid systems with special reference to the determination of surface area and porosity. Pure Appl Chem 57:603–619
Nakamura M, Nakanishi M, Yamamoto K (1996) Influence of physical properties of activated carbons on characteristics of electric double-layer capacitors. J Power Sources 60:225–231
Guo N, Li M, Wang Y, Sun X, Wang F (2016) Soybean root-derived hierarchical porous carbon as electrode material for high-performance supercapacitors in ionic liquids. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 8:33626–33634
Acknowledgments
We acknowledge the financial support from R&D grant (2015-16) from University of Delhi, India. Ram Bhagat Marichi is highly grateful to the financial assistance provided by UGC, India, through SRF fellowship (SRF/AA/139/F-264/2013-14/371) to carry out the research work. Vikrant Sahu acknowledges CSIR, India, for SRF award. Note: This script is a part of R.B. Marichi's Ph.D. thesis.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Marichi, R.B., Sahu, V., Sharma, R.K., Singh, G. (2018). Efficient, Sustainable, and Clean Energy Storage in Supercapacitors Using Biomass-Derived Carbon Materials. In: Martínez, L., Kharissova, O., Kharisov, B. (eds) Handbook of Ecomaterials. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48281-1_155-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48281-1_155-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-48281-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-48281-1
eBook Packages: Springer Reference EngineeringReference Module Computer Science and Engineering