Skip to main content

Research Methods: Outcomes and Survivorship Research in Geriatric Oncology

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Geriatric Oncology

Abstract

As the population is aging, and cancer treatment is advancing, the life span of significant proportion of older cancer survivors is increasing. In order to maintain wellbeing and functional independency of older cancer survivors, it is critical to appreciate the intersection of aging, cancer and cancer treatments, and its impact on older cancer patients’ functional status. While the main focus of treatment of older cancer patients after the diagnosis is on the cancer, this should be broadened as active cancer treatment subsides and their transition to survivorship starts. While the best models of care for older cancer survivors are emerging, it is essential for the primary care providers and/or oncologists to be aware of unique challenges facing older cancer survivors. In this chapter, we will review challenges that are more common among older cancer survivors. We will assess the existing literature in this regard and explore the opportunities for further research in each section.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Aaronson NK, Mattioli V, Minton O, Weis J, Johansen C, Dalton SO, Verdonck-de Leeuw IM, Stein KD, Alfano CM, Mehnert A. Beyond treatment – psychosocial and behavioural issues in cancer survivorship research and practice. Eur J Cancer Suppl. 2014;12: 54–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Agrawal K, Onami S, Mortimer JE, Pal SK. Cognitive changes associated with endocrine therapy for breast cancer. Maturitas. 2010;67:209–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ahles TA, Saykin AJ, Noll WW, Furstenberg CT, Guerin S, Cole B, Mott LA. The relationship of APOE genotype to neuropsychological performance in long-term cancer survivors treated with standard dose chemotherapy. Psychooncology. 2003;12:612–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alexander K, Shahrokni A, Mahmoudzadeh Pournaki S, Korc-Grodzicki B. Skilled care utilization after abdominal and pelvic cancer surgery in older patients. Eur Geriatr Med. 2016;7:438–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Banerji JS, Hurwitz LM, Cullen J, Wolff EM, Levie KE, Rosner IL, Brand TC, L’Esperance JO, Sterbis JR, Porter CR. A prospective study of health-related quality-of-life outcomes for patients with low-risk prostate cancer managed by active surveillance or radiation therapy. Urol Oncol. 2017;35:234.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Borson S, Scanlan J, Brush M, Vitaliano P, Dokmak A. The Mini-Cog: a cognitive‘vital signs’ measure for dementia screening in multi-lingual elderly. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2000;15:1021–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brassell SA, Elsamanoudi SI, Cullen J, Williams ME, Mcleod DG. Health-related quality of life for men with prostate cancer – an evaluation of outcomes 12–24 months after treatment. Urol Oncol. 2013;31: 1504–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown JC, Huedo-Medina TB, Pescatello LS, Pescatello SM, Ferrer RA, Johnson BT. Efficacy of exercise interventions in modulating cancer-related fatigue among adult cancer survivors: a meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Prev Biomarks. 2010. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-10-0988. cebp. 0988.2010.

  • Bultz BD, Waller A, Cullum J, Jones P, Halland J, Groff SL, Leckie C, Shirt L, Blanchard S, Lau H. Implementing routine screening for distress, the sixth vital sign, for patients with head and neck and neurologic cancers. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2013;11:1249–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caillet P, Canoui-Poitrine F, Vouriot J, Berle M, Reinald N, Krypciak S, Bastuji-Garin S, Culine S, Paillaud E. Comprehensive geriatric assessment in the decision-making process in elderly patients with cancer: ELCAPA Study. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:3636–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Campo RA, Agarwal N, Lastayo PC, O’connor K, Pappas L, Boucher KM, Gardner J, Smith S, Light KC, Kinney AY. Levels of fatigue and distress in senior prostate cancer survivors enrolled in a 12-week randomized controlled trial of Qigong. J Cancer Surviv. 2014;8:60–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caplan GA, Williams AJ, Daly B, Abraham K. A randomized, controlled trial of comprehensive geriatric assessment and multidisciplinary intervention after discharge of elderly from the emergency department – the DEED II Study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004;52:1417–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chaïbi P, Magné N, Breton S, Chebib A, Watson S, Duron JJ, Hannoun L, Lefranc JP, Piette F, Menegaux F, Spano JP. Influence of geriatric consultation with comprehensive geriatric assessment on final therapeutic decision in elderly cancer patients. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2011;79:302–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chamberlain MC. Neoplastic myelopathies. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2015;21:132–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coburn M, Fahlenkamp A, Zoremba N, Schaelte G. Postoperative cognitive dysfunction: incidence and prophylaxis. Anaesthesist. 2010;59:177–84; quiz 185.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Curigliano G, Mayer EL, Burstein HJ, Winer EP, Goldhirsch A. Cardiac toxicity from systemic cancer therapy: a comprehensive review. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2010;53:94–104.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Day J, Zienius K, Gehring K, Grosshans D, Taphoorn M, Grant R, Li J, Brown PD. Interventions for preventing and ameliorating cognitive deficits in adults treated with cranial irradiation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;12:Cd011335.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Haas EC, Oosting SF, Lefrandt JD, Wolffenbuttel BH, Sleijfer DT, Gietema JA. The metabolic syndrome in cancer survivors. Lancet Oncol. 2010;11:193–203.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Desantis CE, Lin CC, Mariotto AB, Siegel RL, Stein KD, Kramer JL, Alteri R, Robbins AS, Jemal A. Cancer treatment and survivorship statistics, 2014. CA Cancer J Clin. 2014;64:252–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dhandapani M, Gupta S, Mohanty M, Gupta SK, Dhandapani S. Trends in cognitive dysfunction following surgery for intracranial tumors. Surg Neurol Int. 2016;7:S190–5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dhermain F, Barani IJ. Complications from radiotherapy. Handb Clin Neurol. 2016;134:219–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Douw L, Klein M, Fagel SS, Van Den Heuvel J, Taphoorn MJ, Aaronson NK, Postma TJ, Vandertop WP, Mooij JJ, Boerman RH, Beute GN, Sluimer JD, Slotman BJ, Reijneveld JC, Heimans JJ. Cognitive and radiological effects of radiotherapy in patients with low-grade glioma: long-term follow-up. Lancet Neurol. 2009;8:810–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Drake MT. Osteoporosis and cancer. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2013;11:163–70.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Evered L, Scott DA, Silbert B, Maruff P. Postoperative cognitive dysfunction is independent of type of surgery and anesthetic. Anesth Analg. 2011;112:1179–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Extermann M, Overcash J, Lyman GH, Parr J, Balducci L. Comorbidity and functional status are independent in older cancer patients. J Clin Oncol. 1998;16:1582–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Extermann M, Boler I, Reich RR, Lyman GH, Brown RH, Defelice J, Levine RM, Lubiner ET, Reyes P, Schreiber FJ 3rd, Balducci L. Predicting the risk of chemotherapy toxicity in older patients: the chemotherapy risk assessment scale for high-age patients (CRASH) score. Cancer. 2012;118:3377–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Faller H, Schuler M, Richard M, Heckl U, Weis J, Küffner R. Effects of psycho-oncologic interventions on emotional distress and quality of life in adult patients with cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31:782–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Flood KL, Carroll MB, Le CV, Ball L, Esker DA, Carr DB. Geriatric syndromes in elderly patients admitted to an oncology-acute care for elders unit. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:2298–303.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Freyer G, Geay JF, Touzet S, Provencal J, Weber B, Jacquin JP, Ganem G, Tubiana-Mathieu N, Gisserot O, Pujade-Lauraine E. Comprehensive geriatric assessment predicts tolerance to chemotherapy and survival in elderly patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma: a GINECO study. Ann Oncol. 2005;16: 1795–800.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ganz PA, Land SR, Antonio C, Zheng P, Yothers G, Petersen L, Wickerham DL, Wolmark N, Ko CY. Cancer survivorship research: the challenge of recruiting adult long term cancer survivors from a cooperative clinical trials group. J Cancer Surviv. 2009;3:137–47.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gewandter JS, Fan L, Magnuson A, Mustian K, Peppone L, Heckler C, Hopkins J, Tejani M, Morrow GR, Mohile SG. Falls and functional impairments in cancer survivors with chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN): a University of Rochester CCOP study. Support Care Cancer. 2013;21: 2059–66.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gilliam LAA, St. Clair DK. Chemotherapy-induced weakness and fatigue in skeletal muscle: the role of oxidative stress. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2011;15:2543–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gondi V, Paulus R, Bruner DW, Meyers CA, Gore EM, Wolfson A, Werner-Wasik M, Sun AY, Choy H, Movsas B. Decline in tested and self-reported cognitive functioning after prophylactic cranial irradiation for lung cancer: pooled secondary analysis of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group randomized trials 0212 and 0214. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2013;86:656–64.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hendrix P, Hans E, Griessenauer CJ, Simgen A, Oertel J, Karbach J. Neurocognitive function surrounding the resection of frontal WHO grade I meningiomas: a prospective matched-control study. World Neurosurg. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2016.10.095.

  • Hernán MA, Hernández-Díaz S, Robins JM. A structural approach to selection bias. Epidemiology. 2004;15(5):615–625.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hewitt M, Rowland JH, Yancik R. Cancer survivors in the United States: age, health, and disability. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2003;58:82–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hile ES, Fitzgerald GK, Studenski SA. Persistent mobility disability after neurotoxic chemotherapy. Phys Ther. 2010;90:1649–57.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hoogendam YY, Schagen SB, Ikram MA, Boogerd W, Seynaeve C, Seidler RD, Breteler MM, Van Der Geest JN, Koppelmans V. Late effects of adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer on fine motor function. Psychooncology. 2015;24:1799–807.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huang MH, Lytle T, Miller KA, Smith K, Fredrickson K. History of falls, balance performance, and quality of life in older cancer survivors. Gait Posture. 2014;40:451–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hurria A, Togawa K, Mohile SG, Owusu C, Klepin HD, Gross CP, Lichtman SM, Gajra A, Bhatia S, Katheria V, Klapper S, Hansen K, Ramani R, Lachs M, Wong FL, Tew WP. Predicting chemotherapy toxicity in older adults with cancer: a prospective multicenter study. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:3457–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ibrahim MS, Khan MA, Nizam I, Haddad FS. Peri-operative interventions producing better functional outcomes and enhanced recovery following total hip and knee arthroplasty: an evidence-based review. BMC Med. 2013;11:37.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobsen PB, Donovan KA, Trask PC, Fleishman SB, Zabora J, Baker F, Holland JC. Screening for psychologic distress in ambulatory cancer patients. Cancer. 2005;103:1494–502.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kang Y, Na DL, Hahn S. A validity study on the Korean mini-mental state examination (K-MMSE) in dementia patients. J Korean Neurol Assoc. 1997;15:300–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klabunde CN, Han PKJ, Earle CC, Smith T, Ayanian JZ, Lee R, Ambs A, Rowland JH, Potosky AL. Physician roles in the cancer-related follow-up Care of Cancer Survivors. Fam Med. 2013;45:463–74.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Koppelmans V, Breteler MM, Boogerd W, Seynaeve C, Gundy C, Schagen SB. Neuropsychological performance in survivors of breast cancer more than 20 years after adjuvant chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30:1080–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krenk L, Rasmussen LS. Postoperative delirium and postoperative cognitive dysfunction in the elderly – what are the differences? Minerva Anestesiol. 2011;77: 742–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kristjansson SR, Nesbakken A, Jordhøy MS, Skovlund E, Audisio RA, Johannessen H-O, Bakka A, Wyller TB. Comprehensive geriatric assessment can predict complications in elderly patients after elective surgery for colorectal cancer: a prospective observational cohort study. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2010a;76:208–17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kristjansson SR, Jordhøy MS, Nesbakken A, Skovlund E, Bakka A, Johannessen H-O, Wyller TB. Which elements of a comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) predict post-operative complications and early mortality after colorectal cancer surgery? J Geriatr Oncol. 2010;1:57–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krolak D, Collins B, Weiss L, Harris C, Van der Jagt R. Cognitive function and its relationship to other psychosocial factors in lymphoma survivors. Support Care Cancer. 2016;25:905.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kwon S, Symons R, Yukawa M, Dasher N, Legner V, Flum DR. Evaluating the association of preoperative functional status and postoperative functional decline in older patients undergoing major surgery. Am Surg. 2012;78:1336–44.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lange M, Rigal O, Clarisse B, Giffard B, Sevin E, Barillet M, Eustache F, Joly F. Cognitive dysfunctions in elderly cancer patients: a new challenge for oncologists. Cancer Treat Rev. 2014;40:810–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lawrence VA, Hazuda HP, Cornell JE, Pederson T, Bradshaw PT, Mulrow CD, Page CP. Functional independence after major abdominal surgery in the elderly. J Am Coll Surg. 2004;199:762–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Loh KP, Janelsins MC, Mohile SG, Holmes HM, Hsu T, Inouye SK, Karuturi MS, Kimmick GG, Lichtman SM, Magnuson A, Whitehead MI, Wong ML, Ahles TA. Chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment in older patients with cancer. J Geriatr Oncol. 2016;7:270–80.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Magnuson A, Mohile S, Janelsins M. Cognition and cognitive impairment in older adults with cancer. Curr Geriatr Rep. 2016;5:213–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Makale MT, Mcdonald CR, Hattangadi-Gluth JA, Kesari S. Mechanisms of radiotherapy-associated cognitive disability in patients with brain tumours. Nat Rev Neurol. 2016;13:52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mcginty HL, Phillips KM, Jim HS, Cessna JM, Asvat Y, Cases MG, Small BJ, Jacobsen PB. Cognitive functioning in men receiving androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Support Care Cancer. 2014;22:2271–80.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Micucci C, Valli D, Matacchione G, Catalano A. Current perspectives between metabolic syndrome and cancer. Oncotarget. 2016;7:38959.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mohile SG, Xian Y, Dale W, Fisher SG, Rodin M, Morrow GR, Neugut A, Hall W. Association of a cancer diagnosis with vulnerability and frailty in older Medicare beneficiaries. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009;101: 1206–15.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Moorcraft SY, Marriott C, Peckitt C, Cunningham D, Chau I, Starling N, Watkins D, Rao S. Patients’ willingness to participate in clinical trials and their views on aspects of cancer research: results of a prospective patient survey. Trials. 2016;17:17.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nasreddine ZS, Phillips NA, Bédirian V, Charbonneau S, Whitehead V, Collin I, Cummings JL, Chertkow H. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53:695–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson CJ, Lee JS, Gamboa MC, Roth AJ. Cognitive effects of hormone therapy in men with prostate cancer: a review. Cancer. 2008;113:1097–106.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • O’Farrell S, Garmo H, Holmberg L, Adolfsson J, Stattin P, Van Hemelrijck M. Risk and timing of cardiovascular disease after androgen-deprivation therapy in men with prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33:1243.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paice JA, Portenoy R, Lacchetti C, Campbell T, Cheville A, Citron M, Constine LS, Cooper A, Glare P, Keefe F. Management of chronic pain in survivors of adult cancers: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34:3325–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pandya C, Magnuson A, Dale W, Lowenstein L, Fung C, Mohile SG. Association of falls with health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in older cancer survivors: a population based study. J Geriatr Oncol. 2016;7: 201–10.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Panel E. American College of Sports Medicine roundtable on exercise guidelines for cancer survivors. J ACSM. 2010;42:1409–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patnaik JL, Byers T, Diguiseppi C, Dabelea D, Denberg TD. Cardiovascular disease competes with breast cancer as the leading cause of death for older females diagnosed with breast cancer: a retrospective cohort study. Breast Cancer Res. 2011;13:R64.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pinder M, Duan Z, Goodwin J, Hortobagyi G, Giordano S. Congestive heart failure in older women treated with adjuvant anthracycline chemotherapy for breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:3808–15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Podratz JL, Kulkarni A, Pleticha J, Kanwar R, Beutler AS, Staff NP, Windebank AJ. Neurotoxicity to DRG neurons varies between rodent strains treated with cisplatin and bortezomib. J Neurol Sci. 2016;362:131–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Potosky AL, Han PK, Rowland J, Klabunde CN, Smith T, Aziz N, Earle C, Ayanian JZ, Ganz PA, Stefanek M. Differences between primary care physicians’ and oncologists’ knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding the care of cancer survivors. J Gen Intern Med. 2011;26:1403–10.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Reuben DB, Rubenstein LV, Hirsch SH, Hays RD. Value of functional status as a predictor of mortality: results of a prospective study. Am J Med. 1992;93:663–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rockwood K. What would make a definition of frailty successful? Age Ageing. 2005;34:432–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ruppert LM. Malignant spinal cord compression: adapting conventional rehabilitation approaches. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2017;28:101–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ryberg M, Nielsen D, Cortese G, Nielsen G, Skovsgaard T, Andersen PK. New insight into epirubicin cardiac toxicity: competing risks analysis of 1097 breast cancer patients. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2008;100:1058–67.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saif MW, Shah MM, Shah AR. Fluoropyrimidine-associated cardiotoxicity: revisited. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2009;8:191–202.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saigal CS, Gore JL, Krupski TL, Hanley J, Schonlau M, Litwin MS. Androgen deprivation therapy increases cardiovascular morbidity in men with prostate cancer. Cancer. 2007;110:1493–500.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sauer AM, Kalkman C, Van Dijk D. Postoperative cognitive decline. J Anesth. 2009;23:256–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schag CC, Heinrich RL, Ganz P. Karnofsky performance status revisited: reliability, validity, and guidelines. J Clin Oncol. 1984;2:187–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schmitz KH, Prosnitz RG, Schwartz AL, Carver JR. Prospective surveillance and management of cardiac toxicity and health in breast cancer survivors. Cancer. 2012;118:2270–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schubert CC, Gross C, Hurria A. Functional assessment of the older patient with cancer. Oncology (Williston Park). 2008;22:916–22; discussion 925, 928.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schuurmans H, Steverink N, Lindenberg S, Frieswijk N, Slaets JPJ. Old or frail: what tells us more? J Gerontol Ser A Biol Med Sci. 2004;59:M962–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shahrokni A, Wu AJ, Carter J, Lichtman SM. Long-term toxicity of cancer treatment in older patients. Clin Geriatr Med. 2016;32:63–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shumway-Cook A, Brauer S, Woollacott M. Predicting the probability for falls in community-dwelling older adults using the timed up & go test. Phys Ther. 2000;80:896.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Siegel R, Ma J, Zou Z, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2014. CA Cancer J Clin. 2014;64:9–29.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singh F, Newton RU, Galvao DA, Spry N, Baker MK. A systematic review of pre-surgical exercise intervention studies with cancer patients. Surg Oncol. 2013;22: 92–104.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith L, Cornelius V, Plummer C, Levitt G, Verrill M, Canney P, Jones A. Cardiotoxicity of anthracycline agents for the treatment of cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMC Cancer. 2010;10:337.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sprod LK, Fernandez ID, Janelsins MC, Peppone LJ, Atkins JN, Giguere J, Block R, Mustian KM. Effects of yoga on cancer-related fatigue and global side-effect burden in older cancer survivors. J Geriatr Oncol. 2015;6:8–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Studenski S, Perera S, Patel K, Rosano C, Faulkner K, Inzitari M, Brach J, Chandler J, Cawthon P, Connor EB. Gait speed and survival in older adults. JAMA. 2011;305:50–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sweeney C, Schmitz KH, Lazovich D, Virnig BA, Wallace RB, Folsom AR. Functional limitations in elderly female cancer survivors. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006;98:521–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor LG, Canfield SE, Du XL. Review of major adverse effects of androgen-deprivation therapy in men with prostate cancer. Cancer. 2009;115:2388–99.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Treanor CJ, Mcmenamin UC, O’neill RF, Cardwell CR, Clarke MJ, Cantwell M, Donnelly M. Non-pharmacological interventions for cognitive impairment due to systemic cancer treatment. Cochrane Libr. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011325.pub2.

  • Tsai HK, D’amico AV, Sadetsky N, Chen M-H, Carroll PR. Androgen deprivation therapy for localized prostate cancer and the risk of cardiovascular mortality. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2007;99:1516–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tuck SP. Prostate cancer and fracture: identifying at-risk groups. J Clin Densitom. 2017;20(2):196–197.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vidán M, Serra JA, Moreno C, Riquelme G, Ortiz J. Efficacy of a comprehensive geriatric intervention in older patients hospitalized for hip fracture: a randomized, controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53: 1476–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Virik K, Wilson R. Bone loss and vitamin D deficiency post gastrectomy for gastro-esophageal malignancy. Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2016;34:165.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Windebank AJ, Grisold W. Chemotherapy-induced neuropathy. J Peripher Nerv Syst. 2008;13:27–46.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Woodford H, George J. Cognitive assessment in the elderly: a review of clinical methods. QJM. 2007;100: 469–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wu LM, Tanenbaum ML, Dijkers MP, Amidi A, Hall SJ, Penedo FJ, Diefenbach MA. Cognitive and neurobehavioral symptoms in patients with non-metastatic prostate cancer treated with androgen deprivation therapy or observation: a mixed methods study. Soc Sci Med. 2016;156:80–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yeh ETH, Bickford CL. Cardiovascular complications of cancer therapy: incidence, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53:2231–47.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zelenko Z, Gallagher EJ. Diabetes and cancer. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2014;43:167–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Armin Shahrokni .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Section Editor information

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG (outside the USA)

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Shahrokni, A., McMillan, S., Alexander, K. (2018). Research Methods: Outcomes and Survivorship Research in Geriatric Oncology. In: Extermann, M. (eds) Geriatric Oncology . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44870-1_1-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44870-1_1-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-44870-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-44870-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference MedicineReference Module Medicine

Publish with us

Policies and ethics