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Handbook of Famine, Starvation, and Nutrient Deprivation pp 1–21Cite as

The Barker Hypothesis

Abstract

The Barker hypothesis proposed that adverse nutrition in early life, including prenatally as measured by birth weight, increased susceptibility to the metabolic syndrome which includes obesity, diabetes, insulin insensitivity, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia and complications that include coronary heart disease and stroke. Periods of rapid postnatal growth associated with high-energy intake seem to be risk factors, along with a high-energy western diet. Theories proposing the mechanism of this association include the thrifty gene , bet-hedging , fetal predictive adaptive response , and drifty phenotype hypotheses. The cause of metabolic syndrome is likely to be multifactorial, with many nuclear DNA and cellular RNA sequences acting in concert with environmental influences. Epidemiological data in humans and experimental data indicate that transgenerational epigenetic inheritance is a possible mechanism where a history of starvation or deprivation during early life is seen in a grandparent and transgenerational effects are seen in their grandchildren. It remains to be seen whether this is mediated by heritable RNA sequences, or by acquired, possibly mosaic mutations in DNA coding for example for regulatory RNAs. Recent research has raised the possibility that the nature and quantity of gastrointestinal microorganisms (microbiota ) can be modified by diet and conversely can modify an animal’s metabolic program. As the microbiota is inherited largely from the mother, modification of her nutrition, health before and during pregnancy, and mode of delivery could influence the child’s microbiota, introducing further potential avenues to improve the prevention, reduction of complications, and treatment of malnutrition and metabolic syndrome.

Keywords

  • Barker hypothesis
  • Thrifty phenotype
  • Genotype
  • Fetal programming
  • Intrauterine malnutrition
  • Epigenetic inheritance
  • Somatic mutation
  • Microbiota
  • Gastrointestinal microorganisms
  • Developmental origins of health and disease

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Abbreviations

siRNA Small or short interfering RNA:

targets messenger RNA (mRNA) of specific sequence for inactivation or degradation

miRNA MicroRNA:

small noncoding RNA 22 nucleotides long which regulates gene expression by targeting mRNA

XIST X-inactive specific transcript:

a gene located on the X chromosome that encodes RNA, which inactivates the same X chromosome

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2571, Australia

    Matthew Edwards

  2. Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Level 2, Macarthur Clinical School, Campbelltown Hospital, P O Box 149, Campbelltown, NSW, 2560, Australia

    Matthew Edwards

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Correspondence to Matthew Edwards .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Diabetes & Nutritional Sci Div Sch, King's College London, London, United Kingdom

    Victor Preedy

  2. Clinical Biochemistry, University of Westminster, Westminster, United Kingdom

    Vinood B. Patel

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Edwards, M. (2017). The Barker Hypothesis. In: Preedy, V., Patel, V. (eds) Handbook of Famine, Starvation, and Nutrient Deprivation. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40007-5_71-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40007-5_71-1

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