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Dictyostelia

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Handbook of the Protists

Abstract

Dictyostelia are common amoebae, mostly known from forest soil and litter. They respond individually to adverse conditions by forming simple amoeboid cysts (microcysts) or en masse by aggregation. Aggregates can include >100,000 amoebae and culminate in either thick-walled highly resilient macrocysts (zygocysts), the sexual cycle of Dictyostelia, or multicellular fruiting bodies (sorocarps). In contrast to Myxomycetes, Dictyostelia form pseudoplasmodia, and sorocarp formation in most species includes cellular differentiation and cell death (~20% of the aggregate). Traditional classification recognized three genera based on sorocarp morphology. However, these morphologies are now known to have evolved multiple times and thus correspond to morphotypes rather than phylogenetic taxa. Acytostelid morphotypes (traditional Acytostelium spp.) have tiny delicate sorocarps with acellular stalks (no cell death). Polysphondylid morphotypes (traditional Polysphondylium spp.) have cellular stalks bearing regularly spaced whorls of side branches. Dictyostelid morphotypes (traditional Dictyostelium spp.) also have cellular stalks but with diverse morphologies ranging from solitary sorocarps with a single sporehead to sorocarps with multiple sporeheads on irregularly spaced side branches and/or various arrangements of clustered sorocarps. There are ~150 described species, which molecular phylogeny places into eight distinct divisions, and the taxonomy of group is now being formally revised accordingly. The best-known species is Dictyostelium discoideum, an important model organism widely used to study, e.g., cell signaling, cellular differentiation, and social behavior. Other taxa are also under development as models, including full genome data from all major divisions. Given its age (~600 myr), molecular depth, and small number of described species, it is expected that substantial dictyostelid diversity remains to be discovered.

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Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank James Cavender and Eduardo Vadell, for careful reading of the chapter and valuable comments throughout, and Sanea Sheikh and Daniel Baldauf for invaluable help with preparing figures.

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  1. Program in Systematic Biology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, Uppsala, 75236, Sweden

    Sandra L. Baldauf

  2. Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Campus Box 1137, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO, 63130-4899, USA

    Joan E. Strassmann

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Baldauf, S.L., Strassmann, J.E. (2017). Dictyostelia. In: Archibald, J., et al. Handbook of the Protists. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_14-1

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  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-32669-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-32669-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference Biomedicine and Life SciencesReference Module Biomedical and Life Sciences

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