Performance ideas have been around for hundreds of years. Scholars of performance measures and management have traced the origins of the movement beyond the New Public Management. Analyses of the early twentieth century in New York reveal similarities with contemporary practices. There are eight performance management movements that can be clustered into three time segments. They are: (a) the pre-World War II era; (b) the period from the 1950s to the 1970s, which coincides with the rise of the welfare state and the growth of governmental programs; and (c) the 1980s onward with a rise of new public management initiatives challenging the role of government. However, there should be a distinction between policy movements, which focus mainly on the outcomes of organizations and public program, and management movements that have more internal focus on outputs and efficiency. Nevertheless, there remain elements of outcome measures within the management movement, raised mainly due to a...
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Further Readings
For further discussion and examination of global performance movements, see works by Christopher Pollitt (1993, 2006, 2011), Charles Vance (2006), Alan Nankervis (2008), Maria, Iskandarani (2008), and Robert Behn (2002)
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Minassians, H.P., Ghazaryan, S. (2017). Global Performance Measures. In: Farazmand, A. (eds) Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31816-5_3151-1
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