Skip to main content
Book cover

Neonatology pp 237–249Cite as

Early Markers of Poor Outcome in Neonatal Medicine

  • Reference work entry
  • First Online:
  • 166 Accesses

Abstract

A major issue for neonatologists and developmental neurologists is the identification of those infants who are at risk of subsequent neurodevelopmental disability and who may benefit from neurological follow-up and early intervention strategies.

The incidence of major disabilities has decreased in very preterm and extremely preterm infants, although nearly half of the population suffers from minor disabilities as learning disabilities, cognitive defects, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorders, and behavioral problems, especially at school age. Neuroimaging needs to be accompanied by an accurate clinical assessment of the functional repertoire of the infant, which varies according to the stage of development.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   479.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD   799.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Arnaud C, Daubisse-Marliac L, White-Koning M, Pierrat V, Larroque B, Grandjean H, Alberge C, Marret S, Burguet A, Ancel PY, Supernant K, Kaminski M (2007) Prevalence and associated factors of minor neuromotor dysfunctions at age 5 years in prematurely born children: the EPIPAGE study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 161:1053–1061

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arpi E, Ferrari F (2013) Preterm birth and behaviour problems in infants and preschool-age children: a review of the recent literature. Dev Med Child Neurol 55:788–796

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Azzopardi D, Strohm B, Marlow N, Brocklehurst P, Deierl A, Eddama O et al (2014) Effects of hypothermia for perinatal asphyxia on childhood outcomes. N Engl J Med 371:140–149

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bax M, Goldstein M, Rosenbaum P et al (2005) Proposed definition and classification of cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 47:571–576

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bosanquet M, Copeland L, Ware R, Boyd R (2013) A systematic review of tests to predict cerebral palsy in young children. Dev Med Child Neurol 55:418–426

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheong JL, Thompson DK, Spittle AJ, Potter CR, Walsh JM, Burnett AC, Lee KJ, Chen J, Beare R, Matthews LG, Hunt RW, Anderson PJ, Doyle LW (2016) Brain Volumes at Term-Equivalent Age Are Associated with 2-Year Neurodevelopment in Moderate and Late Preterm Children. J Pediatr 174:91–97.e1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dubowitz L, Mercuri E, Dubowitz V (1998) An optimality score for the neurologic examination of the term newborn. J Pediatr 133:406–416

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Einspieler C, Cioni G, Paolicelli PB et al (2002) The early markers for later dyskinetic cerebral palsy are different from those for spastic cerebral palsy. Neuropediatrics 33:73–78

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Einspieler C, Yang H, Bartl-Pokorny KD, Chi X, Zang FF, Marschik PB, Guzzetta A, Ferrari F, Bos AF, Cioni G (2015) Are sporadic fidgety movements as clinically relevant as is their absence? Early Hum Dev 91:247–252

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Einspieler C, Bos AF, Libertus ME, Marschil PB (2016) The general movement assessment helps us to identify preterm infants at risk for cognitive dysfunction. Front Psychol 7:406

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrari F, Cioni G, Einspieler C et al (2002) Cramped synchronized general movements in preterm infants as an early marker for cerebral palsy. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 156:460–467

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrari F, Todeschini A, Guidotti I, Martinez-Biarge M, Roversi MF, Berardi A, Ranzi A, Cowan FM, Rutherford MA (2011) General movements in full-term infants with perinatal asphyxia are related to basal ganglia and thalamic lesions. J Pediatr 158:904–911

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrari F, Gallo C, Pugliese M, Guidotti I, Gavioli S, Coccolini E, Zagni P, Della Casa E, Rossi C, Lugli L, Todeschini A, Ori L, Bertoncelli N (2012) Preterm birth and developmental problems in the preschool age. Part I: minor motor problems. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 25:2154–2159. https://doi.org/10.3109/14767058.2012.696164

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guzzetta A, Mercuri E, Rapisardi G et al (2003) General movements detect early signs of hemiplegia in term infants with neonatal cerebral infarction. Neuropediatrics 34:61–66

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guzzetta A, Pizzardi A, Belmonti V, Boldrini A, Carotenuto M, D’Acunto G, Ferrari F, Fiori S, Gallo C, Ghirri P, Mercuri E, Romeo D, Roversi MF, Cioni G (2010) Hand movements at 3 month predict later hemiplegia in term infants with neonatal cerebral infarction. Dev Med Child Neurol 52:767–772

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson S, Strauss V, Gilmore C, Jaekel J, Marlow N, Wolke D (2016) Learning disabilities among extremely preterm children without neurosensory impairment: comorbidity, neuropsychological profiles and scholastic outcomes. Early Hum Dev 103:69–75

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kidokoro H, Anderson PJ, Doyle LW, Woodward LJ, Neil JJ, Inder TE (2014) Brain injury and altered brain growth in preterm infants: predictors and prognosis. Pediatrics 134:e444–e453

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim H, Lepage C, Maheshwary R, Jeon S, Evans AC, Hess CP, Barkovich AJ, Xu D (2016) NEOCIVET: towards accurate morphometry of neonatal gyrification and clinical applications in preterm newborns. NeuroImage 138:28–42

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marlow N, Wolke D, Bracewell MA et al (2005) Neurologic and developmental disability at six years of age after extremely preterm birth. N Engl J Med 352:9–19

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mercuri E, Atkinson J, Braddick O et al (1997) Basal ganglia damage and impaired visual function in the newborn infant. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 77:F111–F114

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olsen JE, Brown NC, Eeles AL, Einspieler C, Lee KJ, Thompson DK, Anderson PJ, Cheong JL, Doyle LW, Spittle AJ (2016) Early general movements and brain magnetic resonance imaging at term-equivalent age in infants born <30 weeks’ gestation. Early Hum Dev 101:63–68

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Orasanu E, Melbourne A, Cardoso MJ, Lomabert H, Kendall GS, Robertson NJ, Marlow N, Ourselin S (2016) Cortical folding of the preterm brain: a longitudinal analysis of extremely preterm born neonates using spectral matching. Brain Behav 6:e00488

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Palisano R, Rosenbaum P, Walter S et al (1997) Development and validation of a gross motor function classification system for children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 39:214–223

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palisano RJ, Rosenbaum P, Bartlett D, Livingston MH (2008) Content validity of the expanded and revised gross motor function classification system. Dev Med Child Neurol 50:744–750

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Picciolini O, Gianni ML, Vegni C, Fumagalli M, Mosca F (2006) Usefulness of an early neurofunctional assessment in predicting neurodevelopmental outcome in very low birthweight infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal 91:F111–F117

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prechtl HF, Einspieler C, Cioni G et al (1997) An early marker for neurological deficits after perinatal brain lesions. Lancet 349:1361–1363

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ricci D, Guzzetta A, Cowan F et al (2006a) Sequential neurological examinations in infants with neonatal encephalopathy and low apgar scores: relationship with brain MRI. Neuropediatrics 37:148–153

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ricci D, Anker S, Cowan F et al (2006b) Thalamic atrophy in infants with PVL and cerebral visual impairment. Early Hum Dev 82:591–595

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Romeo DM, Cioni M, Scoto M et al (2009) Prognostic value of a scorable neurological examination from 3 to 12 months post-term age in very preterm infants: a longitudinal study. Early Hum Dev 85:405–408

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rutherford MA, Pennock JM, Counsell SJ et al (1998) Abnormal magnetic resonance signal in the internal capsule predicts poor neurodevelopmental outcome in infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Pediatrics 102:323–328

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rutherford M, Srinivasan L, Dyet L, Ward P, Allsop J, Counsell S et al (2006) Magnetic resonance imaging in perinatal brain injury: clinical presentation, lesions and outcome. Pediatr Radiol 36:582–592

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Santiago-Rodriguez E, Harmony T, Bernardino M et al (2005) Auditory steady-state responses in infants with perinatal brain injury. Pediatr Neurol 32:236–240

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shankaran S, Pappas A, McDonald SA, Vohr BR, Hintz SR, Yolton K et al (2012) Childhood outcomes after hypothermia for neonatal encephalopathy. N Engl J Med 366:2085–2092

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shankaran S, McDonald SA, Laptook AR, Hintz SR, Barnes PD, Das A, Pappas A, Higgins RD, on behalf of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network (2015) Neonatal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Pattern of Brain Injury as a Biomarker of Childhood Outcomes following a Trial of Hypothermia for Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy. J Pediatr 167:987–993

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spittle AJ, Brown NC, Doyle LW, Boyd RN, Hunt RW, Bear M, Inder TE (2008) Quality of general movements is related to white matter pathology in very preterm infants. Pediatrics 121:e1184–e1189

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization (2001) International classification of functioning, disability and health. WHO, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  • Xie K, Zheng H, Li H, Zhang C, Li H, Jin H, Ma B (2015) The study of effect for general movements assessment in the diagnosis of neurological development disorders: a meta-analysis. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 55:36–43

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Fabrizio Ferrari .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Ferrari, F., Lugli, L., Garetti, E., Guidotti, I., Pugliese, M., Lucaccioni, L. (2018). Early Markers of Poor Outcome in Neonatal Medicine. In: Buonocore, G., Bracci, R., Weindling, M. (eds) Neonatology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29489-6_164

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29489-6_164

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-29487-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-29489-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineReference Module Medicine

Publish with us

Policies and ethics