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Parabasalia

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  • First Online:
Handbook of the Protists

Abstract

The Parabasalia are a clade of single-celled, anaerobic flagellates that are mainly obligate symbionts or parasites of insects and vertebrates. The group includes the common and widespread human sexually transmitted species Trichomonas vaginalis. Many species are found exclusively in the guts of termites and the wood-feeding roach Cryptocercus, where they contribute to wood digestion as part of a complex microbial community that sustains the insects. These insect symbionts often harbor an extensive and diverse assortment of ecto- and endosymbionts. The Parabasalia are characterized by a parabasal body (Golgi complex supported by a parabasal fiber), which is associated with the flagellar apparatus. Their mitochondria have evolved into hydrogenosomes, double-membrane-bounded organelles that derive energy from the breakdown of pyruvate to acetate, CO2, and H2. They vary in size from the minute Tricercomitus, which is only a few microns long, to the half-a-millimeter-long Mastotermes gut symbiont Mixotricha paradoxa. Historically, the Parabasalia have been treated as two groups: the smaller, simpler “trichomonads” which bear up to six flagella and the typically much larger, multiflagellate “hypermastigotes.” Ultrastructural and molecular evidence have shown that together these groups form a monophyletic Parabasalia, and though neither “trichomonads” nor “hypermastigotes” are monophyletic, they continue to be useful as descriptive terms.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Guy Brugerolle for the kind permission to use the micrograph featured in Fig. 6c; the Department of Special Collections and University Archives of the W.E.B. Du Bois Library, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, for the use of the David Chase micrographs in Fig. 7a–c; Dale Callaham for the micrographs used in Fig. 7d, e; Michael Kotyk for micrographs 3A–D and G; Jaroslav Kulda for lending us protargol preparations of Monocercomonas, Tritrichomonas, Parahistomonas, Histomonas, Dientamoeba, and Trichomonas; and Johana Rotterová for creating Fig. 5a, b. This work was supported by the Czech Science Foundation (project GA14-14105S).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic

    Ivan Čepička

  2. Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA

    Michael F. Dolan

  3. School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Arizona, AZ, USA

    Gillian H. Gile

Authors
  1. Ivan Čepička
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  2. Michael F. Dolan
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  3. Gillian H. Gile
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ivan Čepička .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

    John M. Archibald

  2. Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

    Alastair G.B. Simpson

  3. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University , Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

    Claudio H. Slamovits

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© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

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Čepička, I., Dolan, M.F., Gile, G.H. (2017). Parabasalia. In: Archibald, J., Simpson, A., Slamovits, C. (eds) Handbook of the Protists. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28149-0_9

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