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Heat Transfer Media and Their Properties

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Handbook of Thermal Science and Engineering

Abstract

This chapter presents a discussion on effect(s) of properties on heat transfer. In general, an impact of a property(ies) on heat transfer depends primarily on the mode of heat transfer: (1) conduction (steady state or transient; special case, nuclear fuels), (2) convection (single phase, forced or natural; two phase, boiling or condensation; and special cases: cryogenic gases, fluids at critical and supercritical pressures, liquid metals, and nuclear-reactor coolants), and (3) radiation.

In support of a general discussion on the importance of various properties for heat-transfer calculations, Sections 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 of this chapter contain basic properties in the tabulated form and property profiles vs. temperature in the graphical form of selected metals, alloys, insulation materials (only table data), and nuclear fuels (Sect. 3); selected gases at atmospheric pressure (Sect. 4); selected cryogenic gases (Sect. 5); low- and medium-temperature fluids on a saturation line (Sect. 6); water at subcritical, critical, and supercritical pressures; carbon dioxide, R-134a, ethanol, and methanol at supercritical pressures (Sect. 7); selected liquid metals on a saturation line (Sect. 8); and current and Generation IV nuclear-reactor coolants (Sect. 9).

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Abbreviations

A :

Area (m2)

c p :

Specific heat at constant pressure (J/kg K)

\( {\overline{c}}_p \) :

Averaged specific heat within the range of (Tw – Tb); \( \left(\frac{H_w-{H}_b}{T_w-{T}_b\, }\right) \) (J/kg K)

D :

Inside diameter (m)

D hy :

Hydraulic diameter (m); \( \left(\frac{4\, {A}_{fl}}{P_{wetted}}\right) \)

G :

Mass flux, kg/m2s; \( \left(\frac{m}{A_{fl}}\right)=\rho u \)

g :

Gravitational acceleration (m/s)2

H :

Specific enthalpy (J/kg)

HTC :

Heat-transfer coefficient (W/m)2K

h fg :

Latent heat of evaporation (J/kg)

k :

Thermal conductivity (W/m K)

L :

Length (m)

m :

Mass-flow rate (kg/s)

P, p :

Pressure (Pa)

Q :

Heat-transfer rate (W)

q :

Heat flux, W/m2; \( \left(\frac{Q}{A_h}\right) \)

\( {q}_{\mathrm{p}.\mathrm{b}}^{\mathrm{cr}} \) :

Critical heat flux (CHF) at pool boiling (W/m)2

T, t :

Temperature (°C)

u :

Axial velocity (m/s)

V :

Volume (m)3

v :

Specific volume (m3/kg)

α :

Thermal diffusivity, m2/s; \( \left(\frac{k}{c_p\, \rho}\right) \)

β :

Volumetric thermal expansion coefficient, 1/K

Δ :

Difference

δ :

Thickness, m

μ :

Dynamic viscosity, Pa s

ρ :

Density, kg/m3

ρ el :

Electrical resistivity, Ohm·m

σ :

Surface tension, N/m

τ :

Time, s

υ :

Kinematic viscosity, m2/s

ξ :

Friction coefficient

Gr :

Grashof number; \( \left(\frac{g\, \beta \, \varDelta T\, {D}^3}{\nu^2}\right) \)

Nu :

Nusselt number; \( \left(\frac{HTC\, D}{k}\right) \)

Pr :

Prandtl number; \( \left(\frac{\mu \, {c}_p}{k}\right)=\left(\frac{\upsilon }{\alpha}\right) \)

\( \overline{\mathbf{\Pr}} \) :

Averaged Prandtl number within the range of (Tw–Tb); \( \left(\frac{\mu \, {\overline{c}}_p}{k}\right) \)

Re :

Reynolds number; \( \left(\frac{u\, D}{v}\right)=\left(\frac{G\, D}{\mu}\right)=\left(\frac{\rho u\, D}{\mu}\right) \)

Ra :

Rayleigh number; (Gr Pr)

ac:

acceleration

ave:

average

b:

bulk

cr:

critical

D:

based on diameter

el:

electrical

f:

fluid

fg:

fluid‐gas

fl:

flow

fm:

freezing/melting

fr:

friction

g:

gravitational

h:

heated

hy:

hydraulic

in:

inlet

L:

based on length

l:

saturated liquid

ℓ:

local

out:

outlet or outside

p:

pressure

pc:

pseudocritical

r:

reduced

s, sat:

saturation

sf:

surface-fluid

v:

vapor

vol:

volume

w:

wall

AGR:

Advanced Gas-Cooled Reactor

BWR:

Boiling Water Reactor

CANDU:

CANada Deuterium Uranium (Reactor)

CHF:

Critical Heat Flux

DHT:

Deteriorated Heat Transfer

GFR:

Gas-Cooled Fast Reactor

HT:

Heat-Transfer

HTC:

Heat-Transfer Coefficient

LBE:

Lead-Bismuth Eutectic

LFR:

Lead-Cooled Fast Reactor

MOX:

Mixed Oxide (Nuclear Fuel)

MSFR:

Molten Salt Fast Reactor

MSR:

Molten Salt Reactor

NIST:

National Institute of Standards and Technology (USA)

NPP:

Nuclear-Power Plant

PWR:

Pressurized Water Reactor

R:

Refrigerant

REFPROP:

Reference Properties

SC:

Supercritical

SCP:

Supercritical Pressure

SCW:

Supercritical Water

SCWR:

Supercritical Water-Cooled Reactor

SFR:

Sodium Fast Reactor

SS:

Stainless Steel

VHTR:

Very-High-Temperature Reactor

wt:

Weight

Overline:

Symbols with an overline at the top denote average or mean values (e.g., Nu denotes average (mean) Nusselt number)

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Energy Systems and Nuclear Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON, Canada

    Igor L. Pioro, Mohammed Mahdi & Roman Popov

Authors
  1. Igor L. Pioro
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  2. Mohammed Mahdi
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  3. Roman Popov
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Igor L. Pioro .

Section Editor information

  1. Armour College of Engineering, Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, USA

    Sumanta Acharya

  2. Gas Technology Institute, Des Plaines, Illinois, USA

    Yaroslav Chudnovsky

  3. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Renato Machado Cotta

  4. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA

    Ram Devireddy

  5. Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA

    Vijay K. Dhir

  6. Cekmeköy Campus, Özyegin University, Çekmeköy - Istanbul, Turkey

    M. Pinar Mengüç

  7. Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science + Engineering, University of Toronto, Centre for Advanced Coating Technologies, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    Javad Mostaghimi

  8. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California, USA

    Kambiz Vafai

  9. Division of Energy Delivery and Utilization, Gas Technology Institute, Des Plaines, Illinois, USA

    Yaroslav Chudnovsky

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Pioro, I.L., Mahdi, M., Popov, R. (2018). Heat Transfer Media and Their Properties. In: Handbook of Thermal Science and Engineering. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26695-4_23

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