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Handbook of Thermal Science and Engineering pp 759–803Cite as

Visualization of Convective Heat Transfer

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Abstract

This chapter introduces optical techniques for the measurement of temperature and species concentration in heat and mass transfer processes occurring in fluids. Measurement is initiated by a light source and changes in the attributes of light emerging from the test cell are recorded by a suitable detector. The fluid medium is taken to be transparent to the passage of light. The light intensity distribution and contrast generated during the measurement can arise either due to variations in the refractive index of the fluid or by scattering from preselected optically active particles. Among the refractive index methods, interferometry, schlieren (monochrome and color), and shadowgraph are discussed. Liquid crystal thermography is presented as an example of a scattering technique. Infrared measurements are also included for completeness. Specific advantages of optical methods are that they are nonintrusive, image a flow cross section, and are inertia-free. A continuous sequence of optical images can be recorded in a computer using CCD cameras, thus extending measurements to the time domain. Optical images can be analyzed and methods of extracting quantitative data from such images are discussed. Several applications and representative images recorded on a laboratory scale are also presented.

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Abbreviations

a 0 -a 1 -a 2 -a 3 :

Constants appearing in the Lorentz-Lorenz formula

a k :

Diameter of the focal spot (m)

A-B-C:

Constants appearing in the Cauchy formula

C :

Species concentration in a solution (kg/m3)

d :

Diameter of the cylinder (m)

D :

Distance of the exit plane of the apparatus from the screen (m)

f :

Focal length of the decollimating lens/mirror (m)

h :

Local heat transfer coefficient (W/m2-K)

H :

Hue distribution in a color image (units of angle)

I :

Light intensity distribution on the screen, grayscale value

k :

Thermal conductivity (W/mK)

L :

Length of the apparatus in the direction of propagation of light, m

n :

Refractive index of the medium; na (or n0) for the ambient; \( \overline{n} \)for the average in the viewing direction, nλ for the wavelength dependent refractive index

Nu :

Nusselt number

Pe :

Peclet number

Pr:

Prandtl number

Q :

Flow rate, lit/min

R-G-B:

Color scales of red, green, and blue in an image

Re :

Reynolds number based on the cylinder diameter and upstream conditions; Rex for the local Reynolds number

Ri :

Richardson number based on cylinder diameter, upstream velocity, and overall temperature difference

t :

Time (s)

T :

Temperature; Tw for the wall temperature (K)

V:

Voltage; Vexc for excitation voltage (V)

x-y-z:

Cartesian coordinates with z along the viewing direction and x-y, the cross-sectional plane

α :

Thermal diffusivity, m2/s

δ :

Angular deflection of the light beam, radians

Δ :

Laplacian operator

ΔCε,:

Change in concentration per fringe shift, kg/m3

ΔTε,:

Change in temperature per fringe shift, K

λ :

Wavelength of light, nm

ρ :

Material density, kg/m3

θ :

Deflection angle (θy in the y-direction), radians

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India

    Pradipta K. Panigrahi & K. Muralidhar

Authors
  1. Pradipta K. Panigrahi
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  2. K. Muralidhar
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Pradipta K. Panigrahi .

Section Editor information

  1. Armour College of Engineering, Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, USA

    Sumanta Acharya

  2. Gas Technology Institute, Des Plaines, Illinois, USA

    Yaroslav Chudnovsky

  3. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Renato Machado Cotta

  4. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA

    Ram Devireddy

  5. Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA

    Vijay K. Dhir

  6. Cekmeköy Campus, Özyegin University, Çekmeköy - Istanbul, Turkey

    M. Pinar Mengüç

  7. Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science + Engineering, University of Toronto, Centre for Advanced Coating Technologies, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    Javad Mostaghimi

  8. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California, USA

    Kambiz Vafai

  9. Herff College of Engineering,Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA

    Sumanta Acharya

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Panigrahi, P.K., Muralidhar, K. (2018). Visualization of Convective Heat Transfer. In: Handbook of Thermal Science and Engineering. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26695-4_15

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