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Critical Care Toxicology pp 1–12Cite as

Gyromitra Mushrooms

Abstract

The mushroom species Gyromitra (formerly Helvella) esculenta grows throughout the northern hemisphere including North America, Europe, and Asia. It is commonly found in coniferous and hardwood forests. The species fruits in early spring (later at higher elevations), often where snow has recently melted. Gyromitra. is a member of the fungus class Ascomycetes, meaning that it has no gills, tubes, or spines but develops its spores in saclike structures called asci. The mushrooms are moderately sized measuring 3–10 cm across, are brown to reddish brown, and have wrinkled caps, with a brainlike or saddle shape (Fig. 1). The stalk is white to brown in color, thick, and hollow, usually with a single chamber.

Keywords

  • Gyromitra
  • False morel
  • Gyromitrin
  • Monomethylhydrazine
  • Gyromitra esculenta
  • N-methyl-N-formylhydrazine
  • Pyridoxine
  • Gamma-aminobutyric acid
  • GABA
  • Pyridoxal phosphate
  • Vitamin B6
  • Glutamic acid decarboxylase
  • Glutamate
  • Seizures
  • Rapid acetylators
  • Oxidative stress
  • Methemoglobin
  • Diamine oxidase
  • Histaminase
  • Folate
  • Dihydrofolate reductase
  • Folinic acid
  • Leucovorin
  • Methylene blue
  • Thioctic acid
  • α-lipoic acid
  • N-acetylcysteine
  • Benzodiazepines
  • Phenobarbital
  • Propofol
  • Phenytoin
  • Vitamin K
  • Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Medical Toxicology, Banner — University Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA

    Daniel E. Brooks & Kimberlie A. Graeme

Authors
  1. Daniel E. Brooks
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  2. Kimberlie A. Graeme
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Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Daniel E. Brooks or Kimberlie A. Graeme .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Colorado School of Medicine, Toxicology Associates, Denver, Colorado, USA

    Jeffrey Brent

  2. Office of New Drugs Drug Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA

    Keith Burkhart

  3. Clinical Toxicology, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom

    Paul Dargan

  4. University of Colorado School of Medicine, Toxicology Associates, Denver, Colorado, USA

    Benjamin Hatten

  5. Med & Toxicological Intensive Care Unit, Lariboisière Hospital Paris-Diderot University, Paris, France

    Bruno Megarbane

  6. University of Colorado School of Medicine, Toxicology Associates, Denver, Colorado, USA

    Robert Palmer

Grading System for Levels of Evidence Supporting Recommendations in Critical Care Toxicology, 2nd Edition

Grading System for Levels of Evidence Supporting Recommendations in Critical Care Toxicology, 2nd Edition

  1. I

    Evidence obtained from at least one properly randomized controlled trial.

  2. II-1

    Evidence obtained from well-designed controlled trials without randomization.

  3. II-2

    Evidence obtained from well-designed cohort or case-control analytic studies, preferably from more than one center or research group.

  4. II-3

    Evidence obtained from multiple time series with or without the intervention. Dramatic results in uncontrolled experiments (such as the results of the introduction of penicillin treatment in the 1940s) could also be regarded as this type of evidence.

  5. III

    Opinions of respected authorities, based on clinical experience, descriptive studies and case reports, or reports of expert committees.

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Brooks, D.E., Graeme, K.A. (2016). Gyromitra Mushrooms. In: Brent, J., Burkhart, K., Dargan, P., Hatten, B., Megarbane, B., Palmer, R. (eds) Critical Care Toxicology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20790-2_49-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20790-2_49-1

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  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-20790-2

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