Skip to main content

Diabetes in Older Adults

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
  • 206 Accesses

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is a complex and chronic illness which affects patients of all ages. Recent estimates predict increased prevalence in the aging population as well as worldwide. Older adults are at increased risk of both acute and chronic diabetes-related complications with adverse consequences on overall health and mortality. Several important factors distinguish inpatient and outpatient management in this patient population.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

References

  1. International Diabetes Federation Atlas 7th edn. http://www.diabetesatlas.org/. Accessed 4 Jan 2017

  2. Center for Disease Control National Diabetes Statistics Report. http://www.cdc.gov/diabeteS/data/index.html. Accessed 20 Mar 2016

  3. Center for Disease Control and Prevention National diabetes statistics report: estimates of diabetes and its burden in the United States 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/data/statistics/2014statisticsreport.html. . Accessed 13 Nov 2016

  4. American Diabetes Association (2013) Economic costs of diabetes in the U.S. in 2012. Diabetes Care 36(4):1033–1046

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Schütt M, Fach EM, Seufert J, Kerner W, Lang W, Zeyfang A, Welp R, Holl RW, DPV Initiative and the German BMBF Competence Network Diabetes Mellitus (2012) Multiple complications and frequent severe hypoglycaemia in “elderly” and “old” patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med 29(8):e176–e179

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Defronzo RA (2009) From the triumvirate to the ominous octet: a new paradigm for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 58(4):773–795

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Reers C, Erbel S, Esposito I, Schmied B, Büchler MW, Nawroth PP, Ritzel RA (2009) Impaired islet turnover in human donor pancreata with aging. Eur J Endocrinol 160(2):185–191

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Chang AM, Halter JB (2003) Aging and insulin secretion. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 284(1):E7–12

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Amati F, Dubé JJ, Coen PM, Stefanovic-Racic M, Toledo FG, Goodpaster BH (2009 Aug) Physical inactivity and obesity underlie the insulin resistance of aging. Diabetes Care 32(8):1547–1549

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. American Diabetes Association (2017) Classification and diagnosis of diabetes. Sec 2 in standards of medical care in diabetes-2017. Diabetes Care 40(Suppl.1):S11–S24

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus (1997) Report of the expert committee on the diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 20:1183–1197

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Genuth S, Alberti KG, Bennett P, Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus et al (2003) Follow-up report on the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 26:3160–3167

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, Hamman RF, Lachin JM, Walker EA, Nathan DM, Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group (2002) Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med 346(6):393–403

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Lind M, Garcia-Rodriguez LA, Booth GL, Cea-Soriano L, Shah BR, Ekeroth G, Lipscombe LL (2013 Dec) Mortality trends in patients with and without diabetes in Ontario, Canada and the UK from 1996 to 2009: a population-based study. Diabetologia 56(12):2601–2608

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Engelmann J, Manuwald U, Rubach C et al (2016) Determinants of mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes: a review. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 17:129. doi:10.1007/s11154-016-9349-0

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Harding JL, Shaw JE, Peeters A, Davidson S, Magliano DJ (2016) Age-specific trends from 2000–2011 in all-cause and cause-specific mortality in type 1 and type 2 diabetes: a cohort study of more than one million people. Diabetes Care 39(6):1018–1026

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Gregg EW, Li Y, Wang J, Burrows NR, Ali MK, Rolka D, Williams DE, Geiss L (2014 Apr 17) Changes in diabetes-related complications in the United States, 1990–2010. N Engl J Med 370(16):1514–1523

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Umpierrez GE, Hellman R, Korytkowshi MT et al (2012) Management of hyperglycemia in hospitalized patients in non-critical care setting: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97(1.)20):16–38

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Garg R, Hurwitz S, Turchin A, Trivedi A (2013) Hypoglycemia, with or without insulin therapy, is associated with increased mortality among hospitalized patients. Diabetes Care 36(5):1107–1110

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Cryer PE (2013) Mechanisms of hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure in diabetes. N Engl J Med 369(4):362–372

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Miles JM, Fisher JN (2009) Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care 32(7):1335–1343

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group (1998) Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet 352(9131):837–853

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group (1993) The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 329(14):977–986

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Yamagishi S, Nakamura N, Suematsu M, Kaseda K, Matsui T (2015) Advanced glycation end products: a molecular target for vascular complications in diabetes. Mol Med 21(Suppl 1):S32–S40

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group (1995) The relationship of glycemic exposure (HbA1c) to the risk of development and progression of retinopathy in the diabetes control and complications trial. Diabetes 44(8):968–983

    Google Scholar 

  26. Stratton IM, Adler AI, Neil HA, Matthews DR, Manley SE, Cull CA, Hadden D, Turner RC, Holman RR (2000) Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): prospective observational study. BMJ 321(7258):405–412

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Larkin ME, Barnie A, Braffett BH, Cleary PA, Diminick L, Harth J, Gatcomb P, Golden E, Lipps J, Lorenzi G, Mahony C, Nathan DM, Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Research Group (2014) Musculoskeletal complications in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 37(7):1863–1869

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Fox CS, Coady S, Sorlie PD, D'Agostino RB Sr, Pencina MJ, Vasan RS, Meigs JB, Levy D, Savage PJ (2007) Increasing cardiovascular disease burden due to diabetes mellitus: the Framingham heart study. Circulation 115(12):1544–1550. Epub 2007 Mar 12

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Stamler J, Vaccaro O, Neaton JD, Wentworth D (1993) Diabetes, other risk factors, and 12-yr cardiovascular mortality for men screened in the multiple risk factor intervention trial. Diabetes Care 16(2):434–444

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Holman RR, Paul SK, Bethel MA, Matthews DR, Neil HA (2008) 10-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 359(15):1577–1589

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Nathan DM (2014) The diabetes control and complications trial/epidemiology of diabetes interventions and complications study at 30 Years: overview. Diabetes Care 37(1):9–16. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc13-2112

  32. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group (1998) Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. BMJ 317(7160):703–713

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Zinman B, Wanner C, Lachin JM, Fitchett D, Bluhmki E, Hantel S, Mattheus M, Devins T, Johansen OE, Woerle HJ, Broedl UC, Inzucchi SE, EMPA-REG OUTCOME Investigators (2015) Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 373(22):2117–2128

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Marso SP, Daniels GH, Brown-Frandsen K, Kristensen P, Mann JFE, Nauck MA, Nissen SE, Pocock S, Poulter NR, Ravn LS, Steinberg WM, Stockner M, Zinman B, Bergenstal RM, Buse JB (2016) Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 375(4):311–322

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D, Keane WF, Mitch WE, Parving HH, Remuzzi G, Snapinn SM, Zhang Z, Shahinfar S, RENAAL Study Investigators (2001) Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 345(12):861–869

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Bain RP, Rohde RD (1993) The effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy. The collaborative study group. N Engl J Med 329(20):1456–1462

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. ACCORD Study Group, Cushman WC, Evans GW, Byington RP, Goff DC Jr, Grimm RH Jr, Cutler JA, Simons-Morton DG, Basile JN, Corson MA, Probstfield JL, Katz L, Peterson KA, Friedewald WT, Buse JB, Bigger JT, Gerstein HC, Ismail-Beigi F (2010) Effects of intensive blood-pressure control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 362(17):1575–1585

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Colhoun HM, Betteridge DJ, Durrington PN, Hitman GA, Neil HA, Livingstone SJ, Thomason MJ, Mackness MI, Charlton-Menys V, Fuller JH, CARDS investigators (2004) Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with atorvastatin in type 2 diabetes in the collaborative atorvastatin diabetes study (CARDS): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 364(9435):685–696

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. American Diabetes Association (2017) Cardiovascular disease and risk management. Diabetes Care 40(Suppl 1):S75–S87

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Saedi E, Gheini MR, Faiz F, Arami MA (2016) Diabetes mellitus and cognitive impairments. World J Diabetes 7(17):412–422

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Hugenschmidt CE, Lovato JF, Ambrosius WT, Bryan RN, Gerstein HC, Horowitz KR, Launer LJ, Lazar RM, Murray AM, Chew EY, Danis RP, Williamson JD, Miller ME, Ding J (2014) The cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of diabetic retinopathy with cognitive function and brain MRI findings: the action to control cardiovascular risk in diabetes (ACCORD) trial. Diabetes Care 37(12):3244–3252

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  42. Launer LJ, Miller ME, Williamson JD, Lazar RM, Gerstein HC, Murray AM, Sullivan M, Horowitz KR, Ding J, Marcovina S, Lovato LC, Lovato J, Margolis KL, O'Connor P, Lipkin EW, Hirsch J, Coker L, Maldjian J, Sunshine JL, Truwit C, Davatzikos C, Bryan RN, ACCORD MIND investigators (2011) Effects of intensive glucose lowering on brain structure and function in people with type 2 diabetes (ACCORD MIND): a randomised open-label substudy. Lancet Neurol 10(11):969–977

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Yaffe K, Falvey CM, Hamilton N, Harris TB, Simonsick EM, Strotmeyer ES, Shorr RI, Metti A, Schwartz AV, Study HABC (2013) Association between hypoglycemia and dementia in a biracial cohort of older adults with diabetes mellitus. JAMA Intern Med 173(14):1300–1306

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Whitmer RA, Karter AJ, Yaffe K, Quesenberry CP Jr, Selby JV (2009) Hypoglycemic episodes and risk of dementia in older patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. JAMA 301(15):1565–1572

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Sullivan MD, Katon WJ, Lovato LC, Miller ME, Murray AM, Horowitz KR, Bryan RN, Gerstein HC, Marcovina S, Akpunonu BE, Johnson J, Yale JF, Williamson J, Launer LJ (2013) Association of depression with accelerated cognitive decline among patients with type 2 diabetes in the ACCORD-MIND trial. JAMA Psychiat 70(10):1041–1047

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Skyler JS, Bergenstal R, Bonow RO, Buse J, Deedwania P, Gale EA, Howard BV, Kirkman MS, Kosiborod M, Reaven P, Sherwin RS, American Diabetes Association, American College of Cardiology Foundation, American Heart Association (2009) Intensive glycemic control and the prevention of cardiovascular events: implications of the ACCORD, ADVANCE, and VA diabetes trials: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association and a scientific statement of the American College of Cardiology Foundation and the American Heart Association. Diabetes Care 32(1):187–192

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. Blaum C, Cigolle CT, Boyd C, Wolff JL, Tian Z, Langa KM, Weir DR (2010) Clinical complexity in middle-aged and older adults with diabetes: the health and retirement study. Med Care 48(4):327–334

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. American Diabetes Association (2017) Glycemic targets. Sec 6. In standard of medical care in diabetes-2017. Diabetes Care 40(Suppl.1):S48–S56

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Look AHEAD Research Group, Wing RR, Bolin P, Brancati FL, Bray GA, Clark JM, Coday M, Crow RS, Curtis JM, Egan CM, Espeland MA, Evans M, Foreyt JP, Ghazarian S, Gregg EW, Harrison B, Hazuda HP, Hill JO, Horton ES, Hubbard VS, Jakicic JM, Jeffery RW, Johnson KC, Kahn SE, Kitabchi AE, Knowler WC, Lewis CE, Maschak-Carey BJ, Montez MG, Murillo A, Nathan DM, Patricio J, Peters A, Pi-Sunyer X, Pownall H, Reboussin D, Regensteiner JG, Rickman AD, Ryan DH, Safford M, Wadden TA, Wagenknecht LE, West DS, Williamson DF, Yanovski SZ (2013) Cardiovascular effects of intensive lifestyle intervention in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 369(2):145–154

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Sacks FM, Bray GA, Carey VJ, Smith SR, Ryan DH, Anton SD, McManus K, Champagne CM, Bishop LM, Laranjo N, Leboff MS, Rood JC, de Jonge L, Greenway FL, Loria CM, Obarzanek E, Williamson DA (2009) Comparison of weight-loss diets with different compositions of fat, protein, and carbohydrates. N Engl J Med 360(9):859–873

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Bazzano LA, Hu T, Reynolds K, Yao L, Bunol C, Liu Y, Chen CS, Klag MJ, Whelton PK, He J (2014) Effects of low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 161(5):309–318

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  52. American Diabetes Association (2017) Lifestyle management. Diabetes Care 40(Suppl 1):S33–S43

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Lipska KJ, Bailey CJ, Inzucchi SE (2011) Use of metformin in the setting of mild-to-moderate renal insufficiency. Diabetes Care 34(6):1431–1437

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Campanelli CM (2012) American geriatrics society updated Beers criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults: the American geriatrics society 2012 Beers criteria update expert panel. J Am Geriatr Soc 60(4):616–631

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Green JB, Angelyn Bethel M, Armstrong PW, Buse JB, Engel SS, Garg J, Josse R, Kaufman KD, Koglin J, Korn S, Lachin JM, McGuire DK, Pencina MJ, Standl E, Stein PP, Suryawanshi S, de Werf FV, Peterson ED, Holman RR, for the TECOS Study Group (2015) Effect of sitagliptin on cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 373:232–242

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Tkáč I, Raz I (2017) Combined analysis of three large interventional trials with gliptins indicates increased incidence of acute pancreatitis in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 40(2):284–286

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Marso SP, Bain SC, Consoli A, Eliaschewitz FG, Jódar E, Leiter LA, Lingvay I, Rosenstock J, Seufert J, Warren ML, Woo V, Hansen O, Holst AG, Pettersson J, Vilsbøll T, SUSTAIN-6 Investigators (2016) Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 375(19):1834–1844. Epub 2016 Sep 15

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Wanner C, Inzucchi SE, Lachin JM, Fitchett D, von Eynatten M, Mattheus M, Johansen OE, Woerle HJ, Broedl UC, Zinman B, EMPA-REG OUTCOME Investigators (2016) Empagliflozin and progression of kidney disease in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 375(4):323–334

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Gaziano JM, Cincotta AH, O'Connor CM, Ezrokhi M, Rutty D, Ma ZJ, Scranton RE (2010) Randomized clinical trial of quick-release bromocriptine among patients with type 2 diabetes on overall safety and cardiovascular outcomes. Diabetes Care 33(7):1503–1508

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Tibaldi JM (2014) Evolution of insulin: from human to analog. Am J Med 127(10 Suppl):S25–S38

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Holman RR, Farmer AJ, Davies MJ, Levy JC, Darbyshire JL, Keenan JF, Paul SK, 4-T Study Group (2009) Three-year efficacy of complex insulin regimens in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 361:1736–1747

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Umpierrez GE, Isaacs SD, Bazargan N, You X, Thaler LM, Kitabchi AE (2002) Hyperglycemia: an independent marker of in-hospital mortality in patients with undiagnosed diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87(3):978–982

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Frisch A, Chandra P, Smiley D, Peng L, Rizzo M, Gatcliffe C, Hudson M, Mendoza J, Johnson R, Lin E, Umpierrez GE (2010) Prevalence and clinical outcome of hyperglycemia in the perioperative period in noncardiac surgery. Diabetes Care 33(8):1783–1788

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  64. Kosiborod M, Inzucchi SE, Krumholz HM, Xiao L, Jones PG, Fiske S, Masoudi FA, Marso SP, Spertus JA (2008) Glucometrics in patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction: defining the optimal outcomes-based measure of risk. Circulation 117(8):1018–1027

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Furnary AP (2011) Intensive insulin therapy in hospitalized patients. Ann Intern Med 154(12):845–846

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F, Verwaest C, Bruyninckx F, Schetz M, Vlasselaers D, Ferdinande P, Lauwers P, Bouillon R (2001) Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 345(19):1359–1367

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Van den Berghe G, Wilmer A, Hermans G, Meersseman W, Wouters PJ, Milants I, Van Wijngaerden E, Bobbaers H, Bouillon R (2006) Intensive insulin therapy in the medical ICU. N Engl J Med 354(5):449–461

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. NICE-SUGAR Study Investigators, Finfer S, Liu B, Chittock DR, Norton R, Myburgh JA, McArthur C, Mitchell I, Foster D, Dhingra V, Henderson WR, Ronco JJ, Bellomo R, Cook D, McDonald E, Dodek P, Hébert PC, Heyland DK, Robinson BG (2012) Hypoglycemia and risk of death in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 367(12):1108–1118

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Umpierrez GE, Smiley D, Jacobs S, Peng L, Temponi A, Mulligan P, Umpierrez D, Newton C, Olson D, Rizzo M (2011) Randomized study of basal-bolus insulin therapy in the inpatient management of patients with type 2 diabetes undergoing general surgery (RABBIT 2 surgery). Diabetes Care 34(2):256–261

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  70. Kagansky N, Levy S, Rimon E, Cojocaru L, Fridman A, Ozer Z, Knobler H (2003) Hypoglycemia as a predictor of mortality in hospitalized elderly patients. Arch Intern Med 163(15):1825–1829

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. De Block CE, Rogiers P, Jorens PG, Schepens T, Scuffi C, Van Gaal LF (2016) A comparison of two insulin infusion protocols in the medical intensive care unit by continuous glucose monitoring. Ann Intensive Care 6(1):115. Epub 2016 Nov 22

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  72. Davidson PC, Steed RD, Bode BW (2005 Oct) Glucommander: a computer-directed intravenous insulin system shown to be safe, simple, and effective in 120,618 h of operation. Diabetes Care 28(10):2418–2423

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Dungan K, Chapman J, Braithwaite SS, Buse J (2007) Glucose measurement: confounding issues in setting targets for inpatient management. Diabetes Care 30(2):403–409

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. DuBois JA, Slingerland RJ, Fokkert M, Roman A, Tran NK, Clarke W, Sartori DA, Palmieri TL, Malic A, Lyon ME, Lyon AW (2017) Bedside glucose monitoring-is it safe? A new, regulatory-compliant risk assessment evaluation protocol in critically ill patient care settings. Crit Care Med 45(4):567–574

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  75. American Diabetes Association (2017) Diabetes care in the hospital. Diabetes Care 40(Suppl 1):S120–S127

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Margo S. Hudson .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Section Editor information

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this entry

Cite this entry

Hudson, M.S., Palermo, N.E. (2017). Diabetes in Older Adults. In: Rosenthal, R., Zenilman, M., Katlic, M. (eds) Principles and Practice of Geriatric Surgery. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20317-1_14-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20317-1_14-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-20317-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-20317-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference MedicineReference Module Medicine

Publish with us

Policies and ethics