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Fungal Metabolites pp 1–23Cite as

Impact of Mycotoxins on Human Health

Part of the Reference Series in Phytochemistry book series (RSP)

Abstract

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungi which contaminate a large fraction of the world’s food, mainly staple foods such as corn, cereals, groundnuts, and tree nuts, besides meat, milk, and eggs. This worldwide contamination of foods is an enormous problem to human populations, principally in less industrialized countries and in the rural areas of some developed countries. The adverse effects of mycotoxins on human health can be both acute and chronic, provoking problems such as liver cancer, reduction of immunity, alterations in the protein metabolism, gangrene, convulsions, and respiratory problems, among others. The economic impact of mycotoxins in foods includes increased health care costs and premature deaths. Some factors which influence the presence of mycotoxins in foods are related to environmental conditions, such as storage, that can be controlled without too much expense. The cleaning of contaminated foods, on the hand, is economically costly and rarely implemented, so it tends to be carried out mainly in developing countries. Aflatoxins, ergot alkaloids, ochratoxins, 3-nitropropionic acid, fumonisins, trichothecenes, and zearelenone, are the most important economically, although dozens of other mycotoxins can also be associated with human health risks. Despite international attempts to improve and implement legislation to control the presence of mycotoxins in foods, its implementation has been ineffective.

Keywords

  • Fungi
  • Secondary metabolites
  • Human health risks
  • Mycotoxicoses
  • Developing countries

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Abbreviations

AF:

Aflatoxins

BEN:

Balkan endemic nephropathy

CTN:

Citrinin

DAS:

Diacetoxyscirpenol

DON:

Deoxynivalenol

F:

Fumonisins

FUS-X:

Fusarenon X

HBV:

Hepatitis B virus

HT-2:

Toxin HT-2

IPH:

Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis

LEM:

Equine leucoencephalomalacia

LSD:

Lysergic acid diethyl amide

NIV:

Nivalenol

OTA:

Ochratoxin A

T-2:

Toxin T-2

TCT:

Trichothecene

ZEN:

Zearalenone

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, Rua: Sara Mesquita, 2270, CEP: 60510-110, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil

    Francisco Das Chagas Oliveira Freire

  2. Faculdade de Educação Ciências e Letras do Sertão Central, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Rua: José de Queiroz, 2554, CEP: 63900-000, Quixadá, Ceará, Brazil

    Maria Edite Bezerra da Rocha

Authors
  1. Francisco Das Chagas Oliveira Freire
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  2. Maria Edite Bezerra da Rocha
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Correspondence to Francisco Das Chagas Oliveira Freire .

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  1. Institut des Sciences, University of Bordeaux 2 Institut des Sciences, Bordeaux, France

    Jean-Michel Mérillon

  2. Botany Department, M.L.Sukhadia University, Badgaon, India

    Kishan Gopal Ramawat

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Freire, F.D.C.O., da Rocha, M.E.B. (2016). Impact of Mycotoxins on Human Health. In: Mérillon, JM., Ramawat, K. (eds) Fungal Metabolites. Reference Series in Phytochemistry. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19456-1_21-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19456-1_21-1

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