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The deliberate or purposeful alteration to the human body/anatomy.
Introduction
Body modification is a more permanent form of human ornamentation. Forms of body modification include corseting, piercing, tattooing, subdermal implants, and ear gauging. Perhaps most common in Western culture is piercing – particularly the ears. Other, commonly pierced areas include the nose, tongue, lip, eyebrow, and even the genitals. Tattooing is a form of permanently ornamenting the body with artistic pieces via ink inserted into the skin with a needle. The Maori and other Western Pacific cultures have a rich history of ornamenting their bodies via tattooing. Today, tattoos are widely accepted multi-cultural phenomena across the world. This is a very interesting human universal.
Another type of body modification that has gained popularity is ear gauging in which an individual slowly stretches a hole in their ear (typically in the ear...
References
Carmen, R. A., Guitar, A. E., & Dillon, H. M. (2012). Ultimate Answers to proximate questions: The evolutionary motivations behind tattoos and body piercings in popular culture. Review of General Psychology, 16(2), 134–143.
Zahavi, A. & Zahavi, A. (1997). The handicap principle: A missing piece of Darwin’s puzzle. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
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Carmen, R., Dillon, H. (2018). Body Modification. In: Shackelford, T., Weekes-Shackelford, V. (eds) Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_1896-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_1896-1
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