Abstract
This chapter explores research on informal language socialization in hiphop as secondary socialization and in more formal socialization settings known as hiphop ciphers. These ciphers are commonly groups of youth, performers, and listeners that convene in communities and schools where their peers socialize them into hiphop culture as they develop confidence and learn to analyze and critique their social world through an understanding of language, discourse, power, and identity. In this chapter, I review early developments in hiphop culture and socialization in relation to language ideology and race and then discuss more recent developments as a form of underground counterlanguage socialization.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
References
Adger, C. T., Wolfram, W., & Christian, D. (2007). Dialects in schools and communities. Mahwah: Routledge.
Alim, H. S. (2006). Roc the mic right: The language of hip hop culture. New York: Routledge.
Alim, H. S., & Baugh, J. (Eds.). (2006). Talkin black talk: Language, education, and social change. New York: Teachers College Press.
Alim, H. S., Rickford, J. R., & Ball, A. F. (Eds.). (2016). Raciolinguistics: How language shapes our ideas about race. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Alvarez, T. (2011). Beats, rhymes and life: Rap therapy in an urban setting. In S. Hadley & G. Yancy (Eds.), Therapeutic uses of rap and hip-hop (pp. 117–128). New York: Routledge.
Banks, A. J. (2005). Race, rhetoric, and technology: Searching for higher ground (ncte- literacy and composition research). Mawah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc..
Banks, A. J. (2011). Digital griots: African American rhetoric in a multimedia age. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.
Baugh, J. (2002). Beyond ebonics: Linguistic pride and racial prejudice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Baugh, J. (2003). Linguistic profiling. In S. Makoni, G. Smitherman, A. F. Ball, & A. K. Spears (Eds.), Black linguistics: Language, society and politics in Africa and the Americas (pp. 15–169). London/New York: Routledge.
Baugh, J., & Labov, W. (1999). Out of the mouths of slaves: African American language and educational malpractice. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Bennett, D. (2012). Imagination communities: hiphop’s creative labor (pp. 1–15). Presented at the hiphop and globalization conference, Harvard University: Hiphop Archive.
Berger, P. L., & Luckmann, T. (1966). The social construction of reality: A treatise in the sociology of knowledge. Middlesex: Penguin Books.
Bobo, L., & Smith, R. (1998). From Jim Crow racism to Laissez-Faire racism: The transformation of racial attitudes in America. In W. Katkin, N. Landsman, & A. Tyree (Eds.), Beyond pluralism: Essays on the conception of groups and group identities in America (pp. 182–220). Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Bonilla-Silva, E. (2013). Racism without racists: Color-blind racism and the persistence of racial inequality in America. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Bucholtz, M., & Hall, K. (2004). Language and identity. In A. Duranti (Ed.), A companion to linguistic anthropology (pp. 369–394). Hoboken: Wiley Blackwell.
Chang, J., & Herc, D. J. K. (2005). Can’t stop won’t stop: A history of the hip-hop generation (Reprinted.). New York: Picador.
Cohen, C. J. (2010). Democracy remixed: Black youth and the future of American politics. Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press.
Coombe, R. J. (1998). The cultural life of intellectual properties: Authorship, appropriation, and the law. Durham: Duke University Press.
Darby, D., & Shelby, T. (Eds.). (2005). Hip-hop and philosophy: Rhyme 2 reason. Chicago: Open Court.
Dimitriadis, G. (2007). Studying urban youth culture primer. New York: Peter Lang Publishing Inc..
Dimitriadis, G. (2009). Performing identity/performing culture: Hip hop as text, pedagogy, and lived practice (4th ed.). New York: Peter Lang Publishing Inc..
Duranti, A. (1986). The audience as co-author: An introduction. Text – Interdisciplinary Journal for the Study of Discourse, 6(3). http://doi.org/10.1515/text.1.1986.6.3.239.
Duranti, A. (1997). Linguistic anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Duranti, A. (2011). Ethnopragmatics and beyond: Intentionality and agency across languages and cultures. In C. Baraldi, A. Borsari, & A. Carli (Eds.), Hybrids, differences, visions: On the study of culture (pp. 151–168). Aurora: The Davies Group, Publishers.
Duranti, A. (2015). The anthropology of intentions: Language in a world of others. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Dyson, M. E. (2008). Know what i mean?: Reflections on hip-hop. New York: Basic Civitas Books.
Eckert, P. (1989). Jocks and burnouts: Social categories and identity in the high school. New York: Teachers College Press.
Eckert, P. (2000). Linguistic variation as social practice: The linguistic construction of identity in Belten High. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell.
Elligan, D. (2004). Rap therapy: A practical guide for communicating with youth and young adults through rap music. New York: Kensington.
Emdin, C. (2010). Urban science education for the hip-hop generation. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers.
Emdin, C. (2016). For white folks who teach in the hood… and the rest of y’all too: Reality pedagogy and urban education. Boston: Beacon Press.
Gandbhir, G., & Foster, B. (2015, March 17). A conversation with my black son. The New York times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/17/opinion/a-conversation-with-my-black-son.html
Gladwell, M. (2011). Outliers: The story of success (Reprint ed.). New York: Back Bay Books.
Goffman, E. (1961). Asylums: Essays on the social situation of mental patients and other inmates. New York: Anchor Books/Doubleday.
Goffman, E. (1967). Interaction ritual – Essays on face-to-face behavior. New York: Pantheon.
Green, L. J. (2002). African American English: A linguistic introduction (8.3.2002 ed.). Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press.
Gwaltney, J. L. (1993). Drylongso: A self-portrait of black America. New York: The New Press.
Hadley, S., & Yancy, G. (2011). Therapeutic uses of rap and hip-hop. New York: Routledge.
Hall, S. (1996). Who needs “identity”? In S. Hall & P. du Gay (Eds.), Questions of cultural identity (pp. 1–17). London: Sage.
Hall, S. (Ed.). (1997). Representation: Cultural representations and signifying practices (1st ed.). London/Thousand Oaks: Sage/Open University.
Hall, S., & du Gay, P. (Eds.). (1996). Questions of cultural identity. London: Sage.
Halliday, M. A. K. (1975). Learning how to mean: Explorations in the development of language. London: Edward Arnold.
Halliday, M. A. K. (1976). Anti-languages. American Anthropologist, 78(3), 570–584.
Halliday, M. A. K. (1978). Language as social semiotic: The social interpretation of language and meaning. London: University Park Press.
Hanks, W. F. (1996). Language form and communicative practices. In J. J. Gumperz & S. C. Levinson (Eds.), Rethinking linguistic relativity (pp. 232–270). Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press.
Heath, S. B. (1983). Ways with words: Language, life and work in communities and classrooms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Heath, S. B. (2010). Language socialization in the learning communities of adolescents. In P. A. Duff & N. Hornberger (Eds.), Language socialization: Encyclopedia of language and education (Vol. 8, 2010th ed., pp. 217–230). Dordrecht: Springer.
Heidegger, M. (1962). Being and time (Reprint ed.). New York: Harper Perennial Modern Classics.
Hill, J. H. (2008). The everyday language of white racism. Chichester/Malden: Wiley-Blackwell.
Hill, M. L., Petchauer, E., & Chang, J. (2013). Schooling hip-hop: Expanding hip-hop based education across the curriculum. New York: Teachers College Press.
Hudley, A. H. C., Mallinson, C., Banks, J. A., Wolfram, W., & Labov, W. (2010). Understanding English language variation in U.S. Schools. New York: Teachers College Press.
Husserl, E. (1983). Ideas pertaining to a pure phenomenology and to a phenomenological philosophy: First book: General introduction to a pure phenomenology (trans: Kersten, F.) ([1913] 1982). The Hague/Boston/Hingham: Springer.
Hymes, D. H. (1964). Language in culture and society: A reader in linguistics and anthropology. New York: Harper & Row.
Jay-A. (2010). Decoded. New York: Spiegel & Grau.
Kelley, R. D. G. (1998). Yo’ mama’s disfunktional!: Fighting the culture wars in urban America. Beacon Press.
Keyes, C. L. (2004). Rap music and street consciousness. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Krims, A. (2000). Rap music and the poetics of identity. Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press.
Kroskrity, P. (2004). Language ideologies. In A. Duranti (Ed.), A companion to linguistic anthropology (pp. 496–517). Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell.
Kulick, D. (2003). Language and desire. In J. Holmes & M. Meyerhoff (Eds.), The handbook of language and gender (pp. 119–141). Malden: Blackwell Pub.
Labov, W. (1972). Language in the inner city: Studies in the black English vernacular. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Labov, W. (2012). Dialect diversity in America: The politics of language change. Charlottesville/London: University of Virginia Press.
Ladson-Billings, G. (1995). Toward a theory of culturally relevant pedagogy. American Educational Research Journal, 32(3), 465–491.
Ladson-Billings, G. (2013). Stakes is high: Educating new century students. The Journal of Negro Education, 82(2), 105–110.
Lee, J. (2016). Blowin’ up: Rap dreams in South central. Chicago/London: University of Chicago Press.
Love, B. L. (2012). Hip hop’s Li’l Sistas speak: Negotiating hip hop identities and politics in the new South. New York: Peter Lang Publishing Inc..
McWhorter, J. (2008). All about the beat: Why hip-hop can’t save black America. New York: Gotham.
Morgan, M. (1993). The Africanness of counterlanguage among Afro-Americans. In S. S. Mufwene (Ed.), Africanisms in Afro-American language varieties (pp. 423–435). Athens: University of Georgia Press.
Morgan, M. (2002). Language, discourse and power in African American culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Morgan, M. (2009). The real hiphop: Battling for knowledge, power, and respect in the LA underground. Durham: Duke University Press Books.
Morgan, M. (2014). Speech communities: Key topics in linguistic anthropology. Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press.
Ochs, E., & Schieffelin, B. (1984). Language acquisition and socialization: Three developmental stories and their implications. In R. A. Shweder & R. A. LeVine (Eds.), Culture theory: Essays on mind, self and emotion (pp. 276–320). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ochs, E., & Scheiffelin, B. (1995). The impact of language socialization on grammatical development. In P. Fletcher & B. MacWhinney (Eds.), The handbook of child language (pp. 73–94). Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
Paris, D. (2011). Language across difference: Ethnicity, communication, and youth identities in changing urban schools (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Paris, D. (2012). Culturally sustaining pedagogy: A needed change in stance, terminology, and practice. Educational Researcher, 41(3), 93–97.
Peirce, C. S. (1960). Collected papers of Charles Sanders Peirce (Vol. 2, trans: Charles H & Weiss P). Second Printing. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Peterson, J. (2015). The hip-hop underground and African American culture: Beneath the surface. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Richardson, E. (2006). Hiphop literacies. London/New York: Routledge.
Sapir, E. (1921). Language: An introduction to the study of speech. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World.
Schiffman, H. (1996). Linguistic culture and language policy. London/New York: Routledge.
Schieffelin, B. B., & Ochs, E. (Eds.). (1986). Language socialization across cultures. Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press.
Silverstein, M. (1979). Language structure and linguistic ideology. In P. R. Clyne, W. F. Hanks, & C. L. Hofbauer (Eds.), The elements: A parasession on linguistic units and levels including papers from the conference on non Slavic languages of the USSR (pp. 193–247). Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.
Silverstein, M. (2003). Indexical order and the dialectics of sociolinguistic life. Language and Communication, 23(3–4), 193–229.
Smitherman, G. (1977). Talkin and testifyin: The language of black America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Smitherman, G. (1998). Word from the hood: The lexicon of African American English. In S. S. Mufwene, J. Rickford, G. Bailey, & J. Baugh (Eds.), African-American English: Structure, history, and use (pp. 203–225). London/New York: Routledge.
Smitherman, G. (1999). Talkin that talk: Language, culture and education in African America. New York: Routledge.
Smitherman, G. (2000). Black talk: Words and phrases from the hood to the amen corner. Boston: Mariner Books.
Tarca, K. (2010). Colorblind in control: The risks of resisting difference amid demographic change. Educational Studies, 38(2), 99–120.
Thomas, A. (2007, September 12). The spirit and philosophy of hip hop. Retrieved September 5, 2016, from http://www.newstatesman.com/blogs/the-faith-column/2007/09/hip-hop-movements-thought
Travis Jr., R. (2015). The healing power of hip hop. Santa Barbara: Praeger.
Watkins, S. C. (2006). Hip hop matters: Politics, pop culture, and the struggle for the soul of a movement. Boston: Beacon Press.
Wideman, J. (1976). Frame and dialect: The evolution of black voice in American literature. American Poetry Review, 5(5), 34–37.
Winfrey, A. M. (2009). H.Y.P.E.: Healing young people thru empowerment. Chicago: African American Images.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Morgan, M. (2017). Language Socialization Through Hiphop Culture. In: Duff, P., May, S. (eds) Language Socialization. Encyclopedia of Language and Education. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02327-4_29-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02327-4_29-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-02327-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-02327-4
eBook Packages: Springer Reference EducationReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Education