Introduction
Gender equality, an essential human right and one of the sustainable development objectives of United Nations, is becoming increasingly significant at the workplace. However, gender inequities still exist in the workplace as women continue to be under-represented in traditionally male-dominated blue-collar jobs (Cotter et al., 2011; England, 2010; Torre, 2019). In this respect, improvement of gender equality and gender consciousness development are particularly significant in the blue-collar sector. In this context, this chapter will discuss the extent of the unequal presence of women in the blue-collar labor and explain the underlying reasons of this gender inequality in blue-collar occupations. Also in this chapter, gender consciousness related to blue-collar jobs and gender consciousness development in blue-collar jobs will be explained.
Definit...
References
Abendroth, A. K. (2014). Gender equality. In A. C. Michalos (Ed.), Encyclopedia of quality of life and well-being research (pp. 2427–2430). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_1129
Barnes, T. D., Beall, V. D., & Holman, M. R. (2021). Pink-collar representation and budgetary outcomes in US states. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 46(1), 119–154. https://doi.org/10.1111/lsq.12286
Barreiro-Gen, M., Lozano, R., Temel, M., & Carpenter, A. (2021). Gender equality for sustainability in ports: Developing a framework. Marine Policy, 131, 104593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2021.104593
Bergmann, B. R. (2011). Sex segregation in the blue-collar occupations: Women’s choices or unremedied discrimination? Comment on England. Gender & Society, 25(1), 88–93. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243210389813
Besley, T., Folke, O., Persson, T., & Rickne, J. (2017). Gender quotas and the crisis of the mediocre man: Theory and evidence from Sweden. American Economic Review, 107(8), 2204–2242. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20160080
Bierema, L. (2003). The role of gender consciousness in challenging patriarchy. International Journal of Lifelong Education, 22(1), 3–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/02601370304825
Boulouta, I. (2013). Hidden connections: The link between board gender diversity and corporate social performance. Journal of Business Ethics, 113(2), 185–197. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1293-7
Cejka, M. A., & Eagly, A. H. (1999). Gender-stereotypic images of occupations correspond to the sex segregation of employment. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25(4), 413–423. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167299025004002
Coe, I. R., Wiley, R., & Bekker, L. G. (2019). Organisational best practices towards gender equality in science and medicine. The Lancet, 393(10171), 587–593. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)33188-X
Cotter, D., Hermsen, J. M., & Vanneman, R. (2011). The end of the gender revolution? Gender role attitudes from 1977 to 2008. American Journal of Sociology, 117(1), 259–289. https://doi.org/10.1086/658853
De Beauvoir, S. (1949). Le Deuxième Sexe. Editions Galimard.
Eagly, A. (1987). Sex differences in social behaviour: A social role interpretation. Erlbaum.
Eagly, A. H., & Wood, W. (2012). Social role theory. In P. A. M. V. Lange, A. W. Kruglanski, & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of theories of social psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 458–476). SAGE. ISBN: 978-0-85702-961-4.
England, P. (2010). The gender revolution: Uneven and stalled. Gender & Society, 24(2), 149–166. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243210361475
Gerson, J. M., & Peiss, K. (1985). Boundaries, negotiation, consciousness: Reconceptualizing gender relations. Social Problems, 32, 317–331. https://doi.org/10.2307/800755
Glauber, R. (2011). Limited access: Gender, occupational composition, and flexible work scheduling. The Sociological Quarterly, 52(3), 472–494. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.2011.01215.x
Güngör, G., & Biernat, M. (2009). Gender bias or motherhood disadvantage? Judgments of blue collar mothers and fathers in the workplace. Sex Roles, 60, 232–246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-008-9540-1
Guthridge, M., Kirkman, M., Penovic, T., & Giummarra, M. J. (2022). Promoting gender equality: A systematic review of interventions. Social Justice Research, 35(3), 318–343. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11211-022-00398-z
Kirby, M. (1999). Theories of gender inequality. In Stratification and differentiation. Skills-based sociology. Palgrave. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14233-0_7
Lau, V. W., Scott, V. L., Warren, M. A., & Bligh, M. C. (2023). Moving from problems to solutions: A review of gender equality interventions at work using an ecological systems approach. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 44(2), 399–419. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2654
Livingstone, D. W., & Luxton, M. (1989). Gender consciousness at work: Modification of the male breadwinner norm among steelworkers and their spouses. Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue canadienne de sociologie, 26(2), 240–275. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-618X.1989.tb00420.x
Macinnis-Ng, C., & Zhao, X. (2022). Addressing gender inequities in forest science and research. Forests, 13(3), 400. https://doi.org/10.3390/f13030400
Min, S. (2015). Gendered role communication in marketing blue-collar occupational gear and clothing in the United States. Fashion and Textiles, 2(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40691-015-0051-8
Moore, M. E., Parkhouse, B. L., & Konrad, A. M. (2001). Women in sport management: Advancing the representation through HRM structures. Women in Management Review, 16(2), 51–61. https://doi.org/10.1108/09649420110386584
O’Neil, J. M., Good, G. E., & Holmes, S. (1995). Fifteen years of theory and research on men’s gender role conflict: New paradigms for empirical research. In R. Levant & W. Pollack (Eds.), The new psychology of men (pp. 164–206). Basic Books.
O’Neil, J. M., Wester, S. R., Heesacker, M., & Snowden, S. J. (2017). Masculinity as a heuristic: Gender role conflict theory, superorganisms, and system-level thinking. In R. F. Levant & Y. J. Wong (Eds.), The psychology of men and masculinities (pp. 75–103). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000023-004
Oakley, A. (1972). Sex, gender and society. Harper and Row.
Ongtengco, N., Thiam, H., Collins, Z., De Jesus, E. L., Peterson, C. E., Wang, T., Hendrix, E., Ndiaye, Y., Gueye, B., Gassama, O., Kasse, A. A., Faye, A., Smith, J. S., Fitzgibbon, M., & Dykens, J. A. (2020). Role of gender in perspectives of discrimination, stigma, and attitudes relative to cervical cancer in rural Sénégal. PLoS One, 15(4), e0232291. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0232291
Pan, H. W., Huang, W. Y., & Wu, C. E. (2022). Research on the relationships among the gender consciousness, social support, and wellbeing in Taiwan college female athletes. SAGE Open, 12(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/215824402210978
Powell, A., Bagilhole, B., & Dainty, A. (2009). How women engineers do and undo gender: Consequences for gender equality. Gender, Work and Organization, 16(4), 411–428. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0432.2008.00406.x
Randel, A. E., Galvin, B. M., Shore, L. M., Ehrhart, K. H., Chung, B. G., Dean, M. A., & Kedharnath, U. (2018). Inclusive leadership: Realizing positive outcomes through belongingness and being valued for uniqueness. Human Resource Management Review, 28, 190–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2017.07.002
Ross, E. (1983). Survival networks: Women’s neighbourhood sharing in London before World War I. History Workshop Journal, 15(1), 4–27. https://doi.org/10.1093/hwi/15.1.4
Rua, T., Aytug, Z., Simarasl, N., & Lin, L. (2020). How traditional gender roles hurt both women and men: Negative processes and outcomes in mixed-gender negotiations. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 36(2), 271–293. https://doi.org/10.1108/GM-05-2019-0065
Scarborough, W. J., & Risman, B. J. (2017). Changes in the gender structure: Inequality at the individual, interactional, and macro dimensions. Sociology Compass, 11(10), e12515. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12515
Sipe, S., Johnson, C. D., & Fisher, D. K. (2009). University students’ perceptions of gender discrimination in the workplace: Reality versus fiction. Journal of Education for Business, 84(6), 339–349. https://doi.org/10.3200/JOEB.84.6.339-349
Torre, M. (2019). Women in blue: Structural and individual determinants of sex segregation in blue-collar occupations. Gender & Society, 33(3), 410–438. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243219830
Warren, M. A., Bordoloi, S. D., & Warren, M. T. (2021). Good for the goose and good for the gander: Examining positive psychological benefits of male allyship for men and women. Psychology of Men & Masculinities, 22(4), 723. https://doi.org/10.1037/men0000355
Whittock, M. (2002). Women’s experiences of non-traditional employment: Is gender equality in this area a possibility? Construction Management & Economics, 20(5), 449–456. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446190210140197
World Economic Forum. (2023). Global gender gap report. https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2023.pdf
Zawadzki, M. J., Danube, C. L., & Shields, S. A. (2012). How to talk about gender inequity in the work- place: Using WAGES as an experiential learning tool to reduce reactance and promote self-efficacy. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 67(11–12), 605–616. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-012-0181-z
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Section Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2024 Springer Nature Switzerland
About this entry
Cite this entry
Gürol, Y.D., Cömert, P.N. (2024). Gender Equality and Gender Consciousness in Blue-Collar Jobs. In: Marques, J. (eds) Encyclopedia of Diversity, Equity, Inclusion and Spirituality. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-32257-0_79-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-32257-0_79-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-32257-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-32257-0
eBook Packages: Springer Reference Business and ManagementReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Business, Economics and Social Sciences